Towards Interoperable Data Spaces: Comparative Analysis of Data Space Implementations between Japan and Europe

TL;DR

This paper addresses the problem of interoperability between European and Japanese data spaces by performing a trust-centered comparative analysis of DATA-EX and Catena-X. It adopts a unified data-exchange process and six key objects to evaluate trust both at generation (p1) and during operation (p2), uncovering gaps across participants, devices, datasets, data catalogs, contracts, and logs. The study proposes an inter-exchangeable topology and pragmatic policy approaches to bridge regional differences, emphasizing the central role of participant trust and the need for standardisation and international coordination. The findings aim to inform global data interoperability efforts and provide concrete steps for bridging regional data-space ecosystems while acknowledging methodological limitations.

Abstract

Data spaces are evolving rapidly. In Europe, the concept of data spaces, which emphasises the importance of trust, sovereignty, and interoperability, is being implemented as a platform such as Catena-X. Meanwhile, Japan has been developing its approach to data sharing, in line with global trends but also to address unique domestic challenges, resulting a platform such as DATA-EX. Achieving interoperability between European and Japanese data spaces remains a critical challenge due to the differences created by these parallel advances. Although interoperability between data spaces has several aspects, compatibility of trust in the participating entities and the data exchanged is a significant aspect due to its influence on business. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of DATA-EX and Catena-X while focusing on aspect of trust, to explore the challenges and opportunities for achieving interoperability between Japanese and European data spaces. By examining common data exchange processes, key objects such as datasets, and specific evaluation criteria, the study identifies gaps, challenges, and proposes actionable solutions such as inter-exchangeable topology. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on global data interoperability.

Figures (6)

• Figure 1: Validation process of the participant.
• Figure 2: Verification process of the participant in DATA-EX.
• Figure 3: Verification process of the participant in Catena-X.
• Figure 4: An example of provenance.
• Figure 5: Inter-exchangeable topology between DATA-EX and Catena-X.