QuESat: Satellite-Assisted Quantum Internet for Global-Scale Entanglement Distribution
Huayue Gu, Ruozhou Yu, Zhouyu Li, Xiaojian Wang, Guoliang Xue
TL;DR
QuESat tackles global-scale entanglement distribution by integrating a ground-fiber network with a satellite-based passive optical lightpath system. It introduces a two-stage framework (LPP and EDT) to dynamically provision satellite lightpaths and schedule entanglement swapping under predictable orbital dynamics and time-varying user demands, formalized as MILP/LP problems and solved with randomized or deterministic rounding. A ground-satellite simulator demonstrates that QuESat achieves multi-fold improvements in entanglement distribution rate and demand satisfaction over fiber-only repeater networks, while reducing reliance on space memory and leveraging near-term technologies. The work offers a practical path toward a global quantum internet with significant impact for long-distance quantum communication and quantum networking applications.
Abstract
Entanglement distribution across remote distances is critical for many quantum applications. Currently, the de facto approach for remote entanglement distribution relies on optical fiber for on-the-ground entanglement distribution. However, the fiber-based approach is incapable of global-scale entanglement distribution due to intrinsic limitations. This paper investigates a new hybrid ground-satellite quantum network architecture (QuESat) for global-scale entanglement distribution, integrating an on-the-ground fiber network with a global-scale passive optical network built with low-Earth-orbit satellites. The satellite network provides dynamic construction of photon lightpaths based on near-vacuum beam guides constructed via adjustable arrays of lenses, forwarding photons from one ground station to another with very high efficiency over long distances compared to using fiber. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of QuESat for global communication, we formulate lightpath provisioning and entanglement distribution problems, considering the orbital dynamics of satellites and the time-varying entanglement demands from ground users. A two-stage algorithm is developed to dynamically configure the beam guides and distribute entanglements, respectively. The algorithm combines randomized and deterministic rounding for lightpath provisioning to enable global connectivity, with optimal entanglement swapping for distributing entanglements to meet users' demands. By developing a ground-satellite quantum network simulator, QuESat achieves multi-fold improvements compared to repeater networks.