Q-PnV: A Quantum Consensus Mechanism for Security Consortium Blockchains

TL;DR

This paper addresses the quantum-era security vulnerability of classical blockchains by proposing Q-PnV, a quantum-enhanced consensus mechanism tailored for consortium blockchains. It combines quantum voting using entangled states $|X_n\rangle$ and $|S_n\rangle$, quantum signatures, QRNG-based randomness, and a weighted hypergraph state quantum blockchain to achieve improved security and fairness. Key contributions include adapting PoV/PnV with quantum technologies, integrating a quantum networked, role-based hybrid architecture, and outlining a full workflow from block creation to entanglement-based linking, along with security and fairness analysis. While experimental testing is not yet demonstrated, the framework offers a concrete pathway toward secure, fair quantum-enabled consortium blockchains in the near term.

Abstract

Due to the rapid development of quantum computing, many classical blockchain technologies are now considered insecure. The emergence of quantum blockchain holds promise for addressing this issue. Various quantum consensus algorithms have been proposed so far, but there has not yet been a quantum consensus algorithm tailored specifically for consortium blockchain scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum consensus mechanism, named Q-PnV. This consensus mechanism is based on the classical Proof of Vote (PoV), integrating quantum voting, quantum digital signature and quantum random number generators (QRNGs). By combining Q-PnV with a quantum blockchain using weighted hypergraph states, we propose a comprehensive quantum blockchain solution for consortium blockchain scenarios. Compared to the classical method, the quantum blockchain based on Q-PnV can resist quantum attacks and shows significant improvements in security and fairness, making it better suit-ed for the future quantum era.

Figures (9)

• Figure 1: The simplified blockchain data structure.
• Figure 2: One tenure cycle process in PoV li_proof_2017.
• Figure 3: A quantum hypergraph state with seven vertices and three hypergraphs.
• Figure 4: Circuit diagram of a quantum blockchain using weighted hypergraph states with N blocks.
• Figure 5: A possible hybrid network model with five different roles.