KPG 193: A Synthetic Korean Power Grid Test System for Decarbonization Studies

TL;DR

The paper addresses the lack of open, benchmark-grade Korean power grid models by introducing KPG 193, a synthetic 193-bus grid derived from 2022 open data. It presents a clustering-based workflow that aggregates topology, generator, weather, and demand data around KEPCO regional offices to preserve grid characteristics while ensuring tractability. The authors validate the model through daily UC and hourly ACOPF over 2022, achieving generation deviations within 1.4% of historical KPX data, and demonstrate realistic power flows and voltage patterns on a summer peak snapshot. This open, data-driven framework enables decarbonization studies and planning analyses for Korea, with results and data publicly available for broader use.

Abstract

This paper introduces the 193 bus synthetic Korean power grid (KPG 193), developed using open data sources to address recent challenges of the Korean power system. The KPG 193 test system serves as a valuable platform for decarbonization research, capturing Korean low renewable energy penetration, concentrated urban energy demand, and isolated grid structure. Clustering techniques were applied to preserve key system characteristics while maintaining computational tractability and representativeness. The system includes 193 buses, 123 generators, 407 transmission lines, and incorporates temporal weather datasets. Its feasibility was validated through Unit Commitment (UC) and AC Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) simulations using 2022 demand and renewable generation data. This test system aims to provide a foundational framework for modeling and analyzing the Korean power grid.

Figures (4)

• Figure 1: Workflow for developing the KPG 193 test system with data sources and processes for modeling network topology, generator parameters, weather data, and electrical demand. Red and blue letters correspond to subsections in this paper that detail each process.
• Figure 2: Network topology and generation mix for the KPG 193 test system. Pie charts indicate the generation mix by fuel type, with sizes reflecting relative generation capacities. Transmission lines are distinguished by voltage levels, as shown in the legend.
• Figure 3: Direction of power flow in 765kV and 345kV AC lines and 500kV DC line during the summer peak day at 13:00. The arrows indicate the direction of power flow, and the dashed circle highlights the region accounting for 40% of the total electrical demand.
• Figure 4: Heatmap of nodal voltage magnitudes (p.u.) during the summer peak day at 13:00. The colors indicate voltage levels, with lighter shades representing lower voltages and darker shades representing higher voltages. Transmission lines are distinguished by voltage levels, as shown in the legend.