From Fake Perfects to Conversational Imperfects: Exploring Image-Generative AI as a Boundary Object for Participatory Design of Public Spaces

TL;DR

This study investigates how image-generative AI can function as a boundary object to support participatory design of public spaces. Through a three-stage, real-world LA case involving immigrant communities and a landscape firm, the authors show that imperfect, AI-generated images—rather than perfect realism—propel richer, space-aware conversations and reveal hidden values. The findings emphasize that success hinges on facilitators' ability to manage human–AI interactions, suggesting a shift from object-centric outputs to process-oriented engagement metrics. The work contributes practical implications, a framework for AI literacy and facilitator skills, and an open research agenda for technology-mediated public engagement and participatory design.

Abstract

Designing public spaces requires balancing the interests of diverse stakeholders within a constrained physical and institutional space. Designers usually approach these problems through participatory methods but struggle to incorporate diverse perspectives into design outputs. The growing capabilities of image-generative artificial intelligence (IGAI) could support participatory design. Prior work in leveraging IGAI's capabilities in design has focused on augmenting the experience and performance of individual creators. We study how IGAI could facilitate participatory processes when designing public spaces, a complex collaborative task. We conducted workshops and IGAI-mediated interviews in a real-world participatory process to upgrade a park in Los Angeles. We found (1) a shift from focusing on accuracy to fostering richer conversations as the desirable outcome of adopting IGAI in participatory design, (2) that IGAI promoted more space-aware conversations, and (3) that IGAI-mediated conversations are subject to the abilities of the facilitators in managing the interaction between themselves, the AI, and stakeholders. We contribute by discussing practical implications for using IGAI in participatory design, including success metrics, relevant skills, and asymmetries between designers and stakeholders. We finish by proposing a series of open research questions.

Figures (8)

• Figure 1: Images revealing hidden or unknown ideas
• Figure 2: Park with elements made from Fungi discussed with participant E5
• Figure 3: Iterations from participant E3 memory in a public space
• Figure 4: Images from phases 2 and 3 of participant E3
• Figure 5: Memory in a public space described by participant E6