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Crosstalk Attack Resilient RNS Quantum Addition

Bhaskar Gaur, Himanshu Thapliyal

TL;DR

Through a systematic methodology, it is demonstrated how quantum properties such as superposition and phase transition can lead to crosstalk attacks and how parallel quantum computing can provide security.

Abstract

As quantum computers scale, the rise of multi-user and cloud-based quantum platforms can lead to new security challenges. Attacks within shared execution environments become increasingly feasible due to the crosstalk noise that, in combination with quantum computer's hardware specifications, can be exploited in form of crosstalk attack. Our work pursues crosstalk attack implementation in ion-trap quantum computers. We propose three novel quantum crosstalk attacks designed for ion trap qubits: (i) Alternate CNOT attack (ii) Superposition Alternate CNOT (SAC) attack (iii) Alternate Phase Change (APC) attack. We demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed attacks by conducting noise-based simulations on a commercial 20-qubit ion-trap quantum computer. The proposed attacks achieve an impressive reduction of up to 42.2% in output probability for Quantum Full Adders (QFA) having 6 to 9-qubit output. Finally, we investigate the possibility of mitigating crosstalk attacks by using Residue Number System (RNS) based Parallel Quantum Addition (PQA). We determine that PQA achieves higher attack resilience against crosstalk attacks in the form of 24.3% to 133.5% improvement in output probability against existing Non Parallel Quantum Addition (NPQA). Through our systematic methodology, we demonstrate how quantum properties such as superposition and phase transition can lead to crosstalk attacks and also how parallel quantum computing can help secure against these attacks.

Crosstalk Attack Resilient RNS Quantum Addition

TL;DR

Through a systematic methodology, it is demonstrated how quantum properties such as superposition and phase transition can lead to crosstalk attacks and how parallel quantum computing can provide security.

Abstract

As quantum computers scale, the rise of multi-user and cloud-based quantum platforms can lead to new security challenges. Attacks within shared execution environments become increasingly feasible due to the crosstalk noise that, in combination with quantum computer's hardware specifications, can be exploited in form of crosstalk attack. Our work pursues crosstalk attack implementation in ion-trap quantum computers. We propose three novel quantum crosstalk attacks designed for ion trap qubits: (i) Alternate CNOT attack (ii) Superposition Alternate CNOT (SAC) attack (iii) Alternate Phase Change (APC) attack. We demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed attacks by conducting noise-based simulations on a commercial 20-qubit ion-trap quantum computer. The proposed attacks achieve an impressive reduction of up to 42.2% in output probability for Quantum Full Adders (QFA) having 6 to 9-qubit output. Finally, we investigate the possibility of mitigating crosstalk attacks by using Residue Number System (RNS) based Parallel Quantum Addition (PQA). We determine that PQA achieves higher attack resilience against crosstalk attacks in the form of 24.3% to 133.5% improvement in output probability against existing Non Parallel Quantum Addition (NPQA). Through our systematic methodology, we demonstrate how quantum properties such as superposition and phase transition can lead to crosstalk attacks and also how parallel quantum computing can help secure against these attacks.

Paper Structure

This paper contains 11 sections, 5 equations, 4 figures, 3 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Proposed Crosstalk Attacks
  3. Alternate CNOT (Proposed Attack 1)
  4. Superposition Alternate CNOT (Proposed Attack 2)
  5. Alternate Phase Change (Proposed Attack 3)
  6. RNS based Parallel Quantum Addition
  7. Attack Model
  8. Results
  9. Effectiveness of Crosstalk Attacks on NPQA
  10. Attack Resilient RNS based Parallel Quantum Addition
  11. Conclusion

Figures (4)

  • Figure 1: Quantum circuits for crosstalk attacks, where $\ket{x}$ is input state and n$\geq$1 is layer count expandable with Victim circuit's depth.
  • Figure 2: Residue Number System (RNS) based Parallel Quantum Addition (PQA) involves moduli set selection and Quantum Modulo Adders (QMA) generation during encoding, that can be executed in parallel without carry dependency across multiple quantum computers or jobs gaur2024residue.
  • Figure 3: Attack effectiveness (%), calculated using output probability reduction of existing and proposed attacks over Non Parallel Quantum Addition (NPQA) for 6 to 9-qubit size.
  • Figure 4: Improvement (%) Comparison of Output Probability between Non Parallel Quantum Addition (NPQA) and Parallel Quantum Addition (PQA) for output sizes 6 to 9 qubits without attack (base case), and ranging over existing and proposed crosstalk attacks.