Mastering AI: Big Data, Deep Learning, and the Evolution of Large Language Models -- Blockchain and Applications
Pohsun Feng, Ziqian Bi, Lawrence K. Q. Yan, Yizhu Wen, Benji Peng, Junyu Liu, Caitlyn Heqi Yin, Tianyang Wang, Keyu Chen, Sen Zhang, Ming Li, Jiawei Xu, Ming Liu, Xuanhe Pan, Jinlang Wang, Xinyuan Song, Qian Niu
TL;DR
This survey analyzes cryptographic foundations and their deployment in blockchain systems, detailing how encryption, hashing, and digital signatures enable trustless networks. It surveys Bitcoin and Ethereum architectures, consensus mechanisms (PoW, PoS), and scalability solutions, including Layer 2 and cross-chain interoperability. The work also covers blockchain applications across fintech, supply chain, identity, NFTs, DAOs, and associated security/privacy challenges. By connecting cryptographic primitives to practical blockchain designs and academic research, the paper highlights techniques for secure, scalable, and private distributed ledgers with broad societal impact.
Abstract
A detailed exploration of blockchain technology and its applications across various fields is provided, beginning with an introduction to cryptography fundamentals, including symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and their roles in ensuring security and trust within blockchain systems. The structure and mechanics of Bitcoin and Ethereum are then examined, covering topics such as proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, and smart contracts. Practical applications of blockchain in industries like decentralized finance (DeFi), supply chain management, and identity authentication are highlighted. The discussion also extends to consensus mechanisms and scalability challenges in blockchain, offering insights into emerging technologies like Layer 2 solutions and cross-chain interoperability. The current state of academic research on blockchain and its potential future developments are also addressed.