AI, Climate, and Regulation: From Data Centers to the AI Act
Kai Ebert, Nicolas Alder, Ralf Herbrich, Philipp Hacker
TL;DR
This paper analyzes climate-related regulation for data centers and AI, identifying key gaps in the AI Act and EU data-center rules and proposing a concrete path to integrate environmental considerations into AI governance. It advocates a novel interpretation to include energy use in AI inferences in reporting, and embeds environmental risks into mandatory risk assessments, supported by a detailed, technically grounded measurement framework. Twelve policy proposals across four areas are offered to harmonize reporting, clarify responsibilities, improve transparency, and push beyond mere disclosure toward substantive environmental safeguards and market incentives. The work aims to align AI scaling with climate objectives, informing regulatory evolution and setting a basis for global governance benchmarks.
Abstract
We live in a world that is experiencing an unprecedented boom of AI applications that increasingly penetrate and enhance all sectors of private and public life, from education, media, medicine, and mobility to the industrial and professional workspace, and -- potentially particularly consequentially -- robotics. As this world is simultaneously grappling with climate change, the climate and environmental implications of the development and use of AI have become an important subject of public and academic debate. In this paper, we aim to provide guidance on the climate-related regulation for data centers and AI specifically, and discuss how to operationalize these requirements. We also highlight challenges and room for improvement, and make a number of policy proposals to this end. In particular, we propose a specific interpretation of the AI Act to bring reporting on the previously unadressed energy consumption from AI inferences back into the scope. We also find that the AI Act fails to address indirect greenhouse gas emissions from AI applications. Furthermore, for the purpose of energy consumption reporting, we compare levels of measurement within data centers and recommend measurement at the cumulative server level. We also argue for an interpretation of the AI Act that includes environmental concerns in the mandatory risk assessment (sustainability risk assessment, SIA), and provide guidance on its operationalization. The EU data center regulation proves to be a good first step but requires further development by including binding renewable energy and efficiency targets for data centers. Overall, we make twelve concrete policy proposals, in four main areas: Energy and Environmental Reporting Obligations; Legal and Regulatory Clarifications; Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms; and Future Far-Reaching Measures beyond Transparency.