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BioZero: An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Decentralized Biometric Authentication Protocol on Open Blockchain

Junhao Lai, Taotao Wang, Shengli Zhang, Qing Yang, Soung Chang Liew

TL;DR

The proposed BioZero protocol is an efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized biometric authentication protocol that can be implemented on open blockchain and can be executed by blockchain smart contracts in a very efficient way.

Abstract

Digital identity plays a vital role in enabling secure access to resources and services in the digital world. Traditional identity authentication methods, such as password-based and biometric authentications, have limitations in terms of security, privacy, and scalability. Decentralized authentication approaches leveraging blockchain technology have emerged as a promising solution. However, existing decentralized authentication methods often rely on indirect identity verification (e.g. using passwords or digital signatures as authentication credentials) and face challenges such as Sybil attacks. In this paper, we propose BioZero, an efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized biometric authentication protocol that can be implemented on open blockchain. BioZero leverages Pedersen commitment and homomorphic computation to protect user biometric privacy while enabling efficient verification. We enhance the protocol with non-interactive homomorphic computation and employ zero-knowledge proofs for secure on-chain verification. The unique aspect of BioZero is that it is fully decentralized and can be executed by blockchain smart contracts in a very efficient way. We analyze the security of BioZero and validate its performance through a prototype implementation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and security of BioZero in decentralized authentication scenarios. Our work contributes to the advancement of decentralized identity authentication using biometrics.

BioZero: An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Decentralized Biometric Authentication Protocol on Open Blockchain

TL;DR

The proposed BioZero protocol is an efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized biometric authentication protocol that can be implemented on open blockchain and can be executed by blockchain smart contracts in a very efficient way.

Abstract

Digital identity plays a vital role in enabling secure access to resources and services in the digital world. Traditional identity authentication methods, such as password-based and biometric authentications, have limitations in terms of security, privacy, and scalability. Decentralized authentication approaches leveraging blockchain technology have emerged as a promising solution. However, existing decentralized authentication methods often rely on indirect identity verification (e.g. using passwords or digital signatures as authentication credentials) and face challenges such as Sybil attacks. In this paper, we propose BioZero, an efficient and privacy-preserving decentralized biometric authentication protocol that can be implemented on open blockchain. BioZero leverages Pedersen commitment and homomorphic computation to protect user biometric privacy while enabling efficient verification. We enhance the protocol with non-interactive homomorphic computation and employ zero-knowledge proofs for secure on-chain verification. The unique aspect of BioZero is that it is fully decentralized and can be executed by blockchain smart contracts in a very efficient way. We analyze the security of BioZero and validate its performance through a prototype implementation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and security of BioZero in decentralized authentication scenarios. Our work contributes to the advancement of decentralized identity authentication using biometrics.
Paper Structure (14 sections, 50 equations, 3 figures, 2 algorithms)

This paper contains 14 sections, 50 equations, 3 figures, 2 algorithms.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Preliminaries
  3. Blockchain and Smart Contract
  4. Pedersen Commitment and its Homomorphic Encryption
  5. Zero-Knowledge Proof
  6. BioZero Protocol Design
  7. Protocol Overview
  8. Generation of Authentication Proof
  9. Verification of Authentication Proof
  10. System Performance
  11. Security Analysis
  12. Experimental Evaluations
  13. Related Work
  14. Conclusion

Figures (3)

  • Figure 1: The functional building blocks and the working flow of BioZero biometric authentication.
  • Figure 2: The block diagram of the circuit used in the Groth16 zk-SNRAK algorithm.
  • Figure 3: Experimental evaluation results of BioZero and Vanilla ZKBio: (a) the proof generation time; (b) the verification time; (c) the total authentication time; (d) the proof size; (e) the verification cost; (f) the number of circuit constraints. All are given with respect to different biometric vector lengths.