Cultural Reflections in Virtual Reality: The Effects of User Ethnicity in Avatar Matching Experiences on Sense of Embodiment

TL;DR

The study investigates how user ethnicity interacts with avatar matching (ethnicity and gender) to shape sense of embodiment (SoE) in virtual reality. Using a mixed design with within-subject avatar-matching conditions and between-subjects ethnicity and gender groups (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White; 78 participants), the authors quantify SoE via the Standardized Embodiment Questionnaire (SEQ). They find robust main effects of matched avatar ethnicity and matched avatar gender on SoE, with notable ethnicity differences (Asian and Black participants reporting lower SoE than Hispanic participants), and significant Ownership-specific interactions indicating stronger effects of ethnicity matching for Asian and Black participants. The results underscore the importance of demographic-aware avatar design, show that ethnicity and gender matching can differentially affect subscales (notably Ownership and Response), and contribute datasets to support future motion and VR-embodiment research. Together, these findings have practical implications for inclusive VR experiences and demonstrate the value of diverse sampling in embodiment research.

Abstract

Matching avatar characteristics to a user can impact sense of embodiment (SoE) in VR. However, few studies have examined how participant demographics may interact with these matching effects. We recruited a diverse and racially balanced sample of 78 participants to investigate the differences among participant groups when embodying both demographically matched and unmatched avatars. We found that participant ethnicity emerged as a significant factor, with Asian and Black participants reporting lower total SoE compared to Hispanic participants. Furthermore, we found that user ethnicity significantly influences ownership (a subscale of SoE), with Asian and Black participants exhibiting stronger effects of matched avatar ethnicity compared to White participants. Additionally, Hispanic participants showed no significant differences, suggesting complex dynamics in ethnic-racial identity. Our results also reveal significant main effects of matched avatar ethnicity and gender on SoE, indicating the importance of considering these factors in VR experiences. These findings contribute valuable insights into understanding the complex dynamics shaping VR experiences across different demographic groups.

Figures (10)

• Figure 1: Visualization of our study design factors.
• Figure 2: Images of avatars participants were allowed to choose from. For each condition, they were allowed to choose from three avatars. For example, a Black female participant would be able to choose from the three Black female avatars for the Complete condition.
• Figure 3: A) The apparatus and tracker placement on a participant. Two trackers are positioned on the feet, and another tracker is placed on the back. B) Image of the participant's reflection in the virtual mirror. In this image, the participant is embodying the Ethnicity condition, where the avatar matches her ethnicity but not her gender.
• Figure 4: Plot of total SoE scores, separated by user-matched avatar ethnicity. An asterisk (*) denotes a significant difference between conditions. Error bars represent +/- 1 standard error.
• Figure 5: Plot of total SoE scores, separated by user-matched avatar gender. An asterisk (*) denotes a significant difference between conditions. Error bars represent +/- 1 standard error.