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End-to-End Uplink Performance Analysis of Satellite-Based IoT Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Jiusi Zhou, Ruibo Wang, Basem Shihada, Mohamed-Slim Alouini

TL;DR

This work develops a stochastic geometry framework to analyze end-to-end uplink performance for satellite-based IoT networks employing a dual-hop IoT→LEO relay→GEO link. By modeling the LEO constellation as a spherical binomial point process on a sphere of radius $R_{ ext{LEO}}=R_{igoplus}+h_{ ext{LEO}}$ and incorporating the inter-hop channel into the SG analysis, the authors derive analytic expressions for the distance distributions, the availability probability $P^A$, and the end-to-end coverage probability $P^C$, validating them with Monte Carlo simulations. Key findings show that lowering the LEO altitude, increasing the number of satellites, and boosting transmission powers improve both availability and coverage, while the central angle between IoT and GEO becomes a limiting factor only at large angles. The results offer practical design guidance for constellation configuration and transmission strategies to enhance connectivity in remote IoT deployments.

Abstract

With the deployment of satellite constellations, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices in remote areas have gained access to low-cost network connectivity. In this paper, we investigate the performance of IoT devices connecting in up-link through low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO) links. We model the dynamic LEO satellite constellation using the stochastic geometry method and provide an analysis of end-to-end availability with low-complexity and coverage performance estimates for the mentioned link. Based on the analytical expressions derived in this research, we make a sound investigation on the impact of constellation configuration, transmission power, and the relative positions of IoT devices and GEO satellites on end-to-end performance.

End-to-End Uplink Performance Analysis of Satellite-Based IoT Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach

TL;DR

This work develops a stochastic geometry framework to analyze end-to-end uplink performance for satellite-based IoT networks employing a dual-hop IoT→LEO relay→GEO link. By modeling the LEO constellation as a spherical binomial point process on a sphere of radius and incorporating the inter-hop channel into the SG analysis, the authors derive analytic expressions for the distance distributions, the availability probability , and the end-to-end coverage probability , validating them with Monte Carlo simulations. Key findings show that lowering the LEO altitude, increasing the number of satellites, and boosting transmission powers improve both availability and coverage, while the central angle between IoT and GEO becomes a limiting factor only at large angles. The results offer practical design guidance for constellation configuration and transmission strategies to enhance connectivity in remote IoT deployments.

Abstract

With the deployment of satellite constellations, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices in remote areas have gained access to low-cost network connectivity. In this paper, we investigate the performance of IoT devices connecting in up-link through low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO) links. We model the dynamic LEO satellite constellation using the stochastic geometry method and provide an analysis of end-to-end availability with low-complexity and coverage performance estimates for the mentioned link. Based on the analytical expressions derived in this research, we make a sound investigation on the impact of constellation configuration, transmission power, and the relative positions of IoT devices and GEO satellites on end-to-end performance.
Paper Structure (19 sections, 5 theorems, 28 equations, 9 figures, 1 table)

This paper contains 19 sections, 5 theorems, 28 equations, 9 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Related Works
  3. Contribution
  4. System Model
  5. Spatial Model
  6. Channel Model
  7. Performance Analysis
  8. Satellite Availability
  9. Coverage Probability
  10. Numerical Results
  11. Additional Insights
  12. Transmission Policy
  13. Network Architecture
  14. Doppler Effect
  15. Conclusion
  16. ...and 4 more sections

Key Result

Lemma 1

The PDF of the central angle between the IoT device and the LEO satellite is where $N_{\mathrm{LEO}}$ represents the number of LEO satellites, $\theta \leq \theta_{\mathrm{IL}}^{\max}$, and $\theta_{\mathrm{IL}}^{\max}$ can be expressed as,

Figures (9)

  • Figure 1: Diagram of satellite-based IoT networks.
  • Figure 2: Diagram of satellite-based IoT networks.
  • Figure 3: Satellite availability probability with different constellation configurations.
  • Figure 4: Satellite availability probability with different central angles.
  • Figure 5: Satellite coverage probability with different constellation configurations.
  • ...and 4 more figures

Theorems & Definitions (8)

  • Definition 1: Central Angle
  • Definition 2: Satellite Availability Probability
  • Lemma 1
  • Theorem 1
  • Corollary 1
  • Definition 3: Coverage Probability
  • Lemma 2
  • Theorem 2