Counting of surfaces and computational complexity in column sums of symmetric group character tables

Abstract

The character table of the symmetric group $S_n$, of permutations of $n$ objects, is of fundamental interest in theoretical physics, combinatorics as well as computational complexity theory. We investigate the implications of an identity, which has a geometrical interpretation in combinatorial topological field theories, relating the column sum of normalised central characters of $S_n$ to a sum of structure constants of multiplication in the centre of the group algebra of $S_n$. The identity leads to the proof that a combinatorial computation of the column sum belongs to complexity class \shP. The sum of structure constants has an interpretation in terms of the counting of branched covers of the sphere. This allows the identification of a tractable subset of the structure constants related to genus zero covers. We use this subset to prove that the column sum for a conjugacy class labelled by partition $λ$ is non-vanishing if and only if the permutations in the conjugacy class are even. This leads to the result that the determination of the vanishing or otherwise of the column sum is in complexity class \pP. The subset gives a positive lower bound on the column sum for any even $ λ$. For any disjoint decomposition of $ λ$ as $λ_1 \sqcup λ_2 $ we obtain a lower bound for the column sum at $ λ$ in terms of the product of the column sums for $ λ_1$ and$λ_2$. This can be expressed as a super-additivity property for the logarithms of column sums of normalized characters.

Figures (9)

• Figure 1: A bi-partite ribbon graph with $n=3$ edges defined by a pair $(\tau_1=(123), \tau_2=(123))$
• Figure 2: Embedding the bi-partite graph $(\tau_1=(123), \tau_2=(123))$ on the torus, represented as a rectangle with opposite sides identified.
• Figure 3: Factorizing a cycle $(1,2,\dots, 2k+1)$ of odd length in a product of permutations.
• Figure 4: A factorization of the cycle $(1,2,\dots, 2k)$ in a product of permutations.
• Figure 5: A second factorization of $(1,2,\dots, 2k)$ in a product of permutations.

Theorems & Definitions (20)

• Proposition 1: Column sums in the table of normalized central characters
• Theorem \oldthetheorem
• Theorem \oldthetheorem
• Lemma 1
• Lemma 2
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• Definition 1
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• Lemma 3
• Theorem \oldthetheorem