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Provably Quantum-Secure Microgrids through Enhanced Quantum Distributed Control

Pouya Babahajiani, Peng Zhang, Ji Liu, Tzu-Chieh Wei

TL;DR

A scalable quantum distributed controller that can guarantee synchronization, and power sharing among DERs, making microgrids inherently cybersecure.

Abstract

Distributed control of multi-inverter microgrids has attracted considerable attention as it can achieve the combined goals of flexible plug-and-play architecture guaranteeing frequency and voltage regulation while preserving power sharing among nonidentical distributed energy resources (DERs). However, it turns out that cybersecurity has emerged as a serious concern in distributed control schemes. Inspired by quantum communication developments and their security advantages, this paper devises a scalable quantum distributed controller that can guarantee synchronization, and power sharing among DERs. The key innovation lies in the fact that the new quantum distributed scheme allows for exchanging secret information directly through quantum channels among the participating DERs, making microgrids inherently cybersecure. Case studies on two ac and dc microgrids verify the efficacy of the new quantum distributed control strategy.

Provably Quantum-Secure Microgrids through Enhanced Quantum Distributed Control

TL;DR

A scalable quantum distributed controller that can guarantee synchronization, and power sharing among DERs, making microgrids inherently cybersecure.

Abstract

Distributed control of multi-inverter microgrids has attracted considerable attention as it can achieve the combined goals of flexible plug-and-play architecture guaranteeing frequency and voltage regulation while preserving power sharing among nonidentical distributed energy resources (DERs). However, it turns out that cybersecurity has emerged as a serious concern in distributed control schemes. Inspired by quantum communication developments and their security advantages, this paper devises a scalable quantum distributed controller that can guarantee synchronization, and power sharing among DERs. The key innovation lies in the fact that the new quantum distributed scheme allows for exchanging secret information directly through quantum channels among the participating DERs, making microgrids inherently cybersecure. Case studies on two ac and dc microgrids verify the efficacy of the new quantum distributed control strategy.
Paper Structure (15 sections, 1 theorem, 30 equations, 12 figures, 1 algorithm)

This paper contains 15 sections, 1 theorem, 30 equations, 12 figures, 1 algorithm.

Table of Contents

  1. Problem Formulation
  2. Quantum Distributed Control
  3. The Problem
  4. Quantum-Secure Distributed Control
  5. Quantum-Secured Distributed Controller for AC and DC Microgrids
  6. AC Microgrids
  7. Controller Performance
  8. Plug-and-play functionality
  9. Robustness against mixed states
  10. DC Microgrids
  11. Conclusion
  12. Preliminaries
  13. Graph Theory
  14. Quantum Systems and Notations
  15. Proof of Convergence for eq. \ref{['260b']}

Key Result

Theorem 1

Consider the master equation (eq500). Let each $\phi_i(t)$, $t\ge 1$, be the averaged measurement outcome at node $i$, utilizing the observables (7) and (26b), such that $\phi_i = \arctan (\frac{\rm tr(\rho A_{2,i})}{\rm tr(\rho A_{1,i})})$. Then, we have the following:

Figures (12)

  • Figure 1: Coupling of the physical microgrid to the network of quantum controllers - Information is exchanged through quantum communication.
  • Figure 2: Exponential synchronization of the phase angles to the target phase $\phi^*=\pi/6$ - (Left side) Connected communication formed by the swap operator - (Right side) Bloch sphere representation shows the trajectories traversed by the qubits along the time.
  • Figure 3: Violation of synchronization when $\ket{q_2}$ becomes mixed at some steps after the master equation evolution.
  • Figure 4: (a) Connected network of three quantum nodes. (b) Exponential synchronization of phase angles to $\phi^*=\pi/3$. (c) Bloch sphere representation of the states of the quantum nodes along the time. It shows how the additional random $\theta_i$ randomizes the states. (d) Measurement outcomes for x,y and z components are random values.
  • Figure 5: Measuring the Z basis of the above circuits gives the X, Y and Z components of an arbitrary qubit. The histogram on the right shows the probability of finding the qubit in 0/1 basis with the circuit (2) which is the average over 2000 experiments. Subtracting these two probabilities gives the X component.
  • ...and 7 more figures

Theorems & Definitions (2)

  • Theorem 1
  • proof