DE-LIoT: The Data-Energy Networking Paradigm for Sustainable Light-Based Internet of Things

TL;DR

DE-LIoT proposes a data-energy networking paradigm for light-based IoT that combines VLC data transfer with OWPT-powered energy sharing. The architecture uses densely deployed sensor nodes and a central optical access point to coordinate data and energy routes, enabling energy autonomy in indoor environments. A hardware proof-of-concept with an OAP and three DE-LIoT nodes demonstrates extended node lifetimes and improved sustainability through energy relays and ETX bursts, while addressing channel volatility and illumination-dependent EH. Key contributions include the data-energy relay concepts, an energy-sharing parameter for ETX optimization, and prototype-driven performance insights that support scalable, autonomous LIoT deployments in indoor spaces.

Abstract

The growing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) networks has sparked interest in sustainable, zero-energy designs through Energy Harvesting (EH) to extend the lifespans of IoT sensors. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is particularly promising, integrating signal transmission with optical power harvesting to enable both data exchange and energy transfer in indoor network nodes. VLC indoor channels, however, can be unstable due to their line-of-sight nature and indoor movements. In conventional EH-based IoT networks, maximum Energy Storage (ES) capacity might halt further harvesting or waste excess energy, leading to resource inefficiency. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes a novel VLC-based WPANs concept that enhances both data and energy harvesting efficiency. The architecture employs densely distributed nodes and a central controller for simultaneous data and energy network operation, ensuring efficient energy exchange and resource optimisation. This approach, with centralised control and energy-state-aware nodes, aims for long-term energy autonomy. The feasibility of the Data-Energy Networking-enabled Light-based Internet of Things (DE-LIoT) concept is validated through real hardware implementation, demonstrating its sustainability and practical applicability. Results show significant improvements in the lifetime of resource-limited nodes, confirming the effectiveness of this new data and energy networking model in enhancing sustainability and resource optimisation in VLC-based WPANs.

Figures (22)

• Figure 1: Essential components and typical use case scenario for DE-LIoT.
• Figure 2: After the OAP prioritises a SSN under low illumination or poor VLC channel conditions, the remaining PSN can be assigned by the OAP to function as energy and data relay nodes. This is achieved by directing data and energy routes towards the prioritised node. This approach aims to enhance the transmitted optical power directed towards the prioritised node.
• Figure 3: Variations in internal ES voltage occur with different time parameters for PSN.
• Figure 4: The structure of the DE-LIoT optical access point, capable of performing both indoor illumination and communication purposes.
• Figure 5: Structure of DE-LIoT node with energy harvesting unit, along with sensing, processing, and communication units.