Quantum Cloud Computing: A Review, Open Problems, and Future Directions

TL;DR

The paper addresses how to unlock broad access to quantum computing by integrating quantum resources with cloud infrastructure, tackling challenges posed by NISQ hardware, heterogeneity, and security. It comprehensively surveys models (QCaaS, quantum serverless, HQCC), applications, providers and platforms, resource management, and security/privacy, while outlining open problems and future directions. Key contributions include a structured taxonomy of QC cloud concepts, a catalog of hardware vendors and cloud platforms, and an overview of resource estimation and scheduling methods, as well as security frameworks like blind quantum computing and QuPUF. The work clarifies the current state, identifies gaps, and outlines practical directions to realize scalable, secure, and interoperable quantum cloud services with broad applicability across science and industry.

Abstract

Quantum cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of computing that empowers quantum applications and their deployment on quantum computing resources without the need for a specialized environment to host and operate physical quantum computers. This paper reviews recent advances, identifies open problems, and proposes future directions in quantum cloud computing. It discusses the state-of-the-art quantum cloud advances, including the various cloud-based models, platforms, and recently developed technologies and software use cases. Furthermore, it discusses different aspects of the quantum cloud, including resource management, quantum serverless, security, and privacy problems. Finally, the paper examines open problems and proposes the future directions of quantum cloud computing, including potential opportunities and ongoing research in this emerging field.

Figures (3)

• Figure 1: The graphical outline of the survey
• Figure 2: A high-level view of contemporary quantum cloud computing
• Figure 3: Open problems and future directions on Quantum Cloud Computing