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EMF Exposure Mitigation via MAC Scheduling

Silvio Mandelli, Lorenzo Maggi, Bill Zheng, Christophe Grangeat, Azra Zejnilagic

TL;DR

This work designs a water-filling power allocation method operating at the MAC scheduler level that effectively mitigates EMF exposure with considerably less impact on network performance, making it a standout candidate for 5G and future 6G MAC scheduler implementations.

Abstract

International standards bodies define Electromagnetic field (EMF) emission requirements that can be translated into control of the base station actual Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), i.e., averaged over a sliding time window. In this work we show how to comply with such requirements by designing a water-filling power allocation method operating at the MAC scheduler level. Our method ensures throughput fairness across users while constraining the EIRP to a value that is produced by an outer-loop procedure which is not the focus of our paper. The low computational complexity of our technique is appealing given the tight computational requirements of the MAC scheduler. Our proposal is evaluated against the prior art approaches through massive-MIMO system level simulations that include realistic modeling of physical and MAC level cellular procedures. We conclude that our proposal effectively mitigates EMF exposure with considerably less impact on network performance, making it a standout candidate for 5G and future 6G MAC scheduler implementations.

EMF Exposure Mitigation via MAC Scheduling

TL;DR

This work designs a water-filling power allocation method operating at the MAC scheduler level that effectively mitigates EMF exposure with considerably less impact on network performance, making it a standout candidate for 5G and future 6G MAC scheduler implementations.

Abstract

International standards bodies define Electromagnetic field (EMF) emission requirements that can be translated into control of the base station actual Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), i.e., averaged over a sliding time window. In this work we show how to comply with such requirements by designing a water-filling power allocation method operating at the MAC scheduler level. Our method ensures throughput fairness across users while constraining the EIRP to a value that is produced by an outer-loop procedure which is not the focus of our paper. The low computational complexity of our technique is appealing given the tight computational requirements of the MAC scheduler. Our proposal is evaluated against the prior art approaches through massive-MIMO system level simulations that include realistic modeling of physical and MAC level cellular procedures. We conclude that our proposal effectively mitigates EMF exposure with considerably less impact on network performance, making it a standout candidate for 5G and future 6G MAC scheduler implementations.
Paper Structure (7 sections, 13 equations, 3 figures, 1 table)

This paper contains 7 sections, 13 equations, 3 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. EMF exposure model
  3. Power control for EMF exposure mitigation
  4. Per-slot EIRP constraint design
  5. techniques
  6. Simulations
  7. Conclusion

Figures (3)

  • Figure 1: Block diagram of control operations considered in this work. Slot index $k$ has been omitted in inner-loop operations for readability. The main focus of our work concerns the red blocks, while the other parts are either legacy scheduling operations in the inner-loop, or outer-loop operations discussed in maggi2024smooth.
  • Figure 2: Average cell throughput with different control techniques at constant $\rho=-6$ dB, benchmarked against the achievable performance without any control.
  • Figure 3: Average throughput (defined as ratio between received bits and the time needed to receive them) without any power adaptation and control, for our best performing " - R" technique, and the baseline "", as the power reduction factor $\rho$ varies.