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Enhance Low-Carbon Power System Operation via Carbon-Aware Demand Response

Xin Chen

TL;DR

The paper addresses decarbonizing power-system operation by exploiting demand-side flexibility through carbon-aware demand response guided by granular nodal carbon intensities computed via a carbon emission flow model. It introduces C-DR for deferrable loads and thermostatically controlled loads and integrates it into a carbon-aware OPF framework, forming a bi-level C-PD problem. Two solution approaches are developed: a centralized KKT reformulation and a privacy-preserving iterative algorithm, and are validated on the IEEE 39-bus system. Results show that the C-DR-embedded dispatch lowers both carbon emissions and operating costs and reveals load-shifting behavior toward periods of lower grid carbon intensity, with future work on uncertainty and method improvements.

Abstract

As the electrification process advances, enormous power flexibility is becoming available on the demand side, which can be harnessed to facilitate power system decarbonization. Hence, this paper studies the carbon-aware demand response (C-DR) paradigm, where individual users aim to minimize their carbon footprints through the optimal scheduling of flexible load devices. The specific operational dynamics and constraints of deferrable loads and thermostatically controlled loads are considered, and the carbon emission flow method is employed to determine users' carbon footprints using nodal carbon intensities. Then, an optimal power dispatch model that integrates the C-DR mechanism is proposed for low-carbon power system operation, based on the carbon-aware optimal power flow (C-OPF) method. Two solution algorithms, including a centralized Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) reformulation algorithm and an iterative solution algorithm, are developed to solve the bi-level power dispatch optimization model. Numerical simulations on the IEEE New England 39-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Enhance Low-Carbon Power System Operation via Carbon-Aware Demand Response

TL;DR

The paper addresses decarbonizing power-system operation by exploiting demand-side flexibility through carbon-aware demand response guided by granular nodal carbon intensities computed via a carbon emission flow model. It introduces C-DR for deferrable loads and thermostatically controlled loads and integrates it into a carbon-aware OPF framework, forming a bi-level C-PD problem. Two solution approaches are developed: a centralized KKT reformulation and a privacy-preserving iterative algorithm, and are validated on the IEEE 39-bus system. Results show that the C-DR-embedded dispatch lowers both carbon emissions and operating costs and reveals load-shifting behavior toward periods of lower grid carbon intensity, with future work on uncertainty and method improvements.

Abstract

As the electrification process advances, enormous power flexibility is becoming available on the demand side, which can be harnessed to facilitate power system decarbonization. Hence, this paper studies the carbon-aware demand response (C-DR) paradigm, where individual users aim to minimize their carbon footprints through the optimal scheduling of flexible load devices. The specific operational dynamics and constraints of deferrable loads and thermostatically controlled loads are considered, and the carbon emission flow method is employed to determine users' carbon footprints using nodal carbon intensities. Then, an optimal power dispatch model that integrates the C-DR mechanism is proposed for low-carbon power system operation, based on the carbon-aware optimal power flow (C-OPF) method. Two solution algorithms, including a centralized Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) reformulation algorithm and an iterative solution algorithm, are developed to solve the bi-level power dispatch optimization model. Numerical simulations on the IEEE New England 39-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Paper Structure (16 sections, 6 equations, 7 figures, 1 algorithm)

This paper contains 16 sections, 6 equations, 7 figures, 1 algorithm.

Table of Contents

  1. Sets and Parameters
  2. Variables
  3. Introduction
  4. Preliminaries on Carbon Emission Flow Method and Carbon Accounting
  5. Problem Formulation
  6. Carbon-Aware Demand Response (C-DR)
  7. Deferrable Load
  8. Thermostatically Controlled Load
  9. Optimal Carbon-Aware Power Dispatch with C-DR
  10. Solution Algorithms for Bi-level C-PD Model
  11. Centralized KKT Reformulation Solution Method
  12. Iterative Solution Algorithm
  13. Numerical Tests
  14. Test System and Settings
  15. Simulation Results
  16. ...and 1 more sections

Figures (7)

  • Figure 1: The modified IEEE New England 39-bus test system.
  • Figure 2: Typical daily curves of solar and wind generation factors and load variation factors for fixed loads.
  • Figure 3: Optimal generation profiles over time under the power dispatch schemes with and without the integration of the C-DR mechanism.
  • Figure 4: Total flexible load profiles over time under the power dispatch schemes with and without the integration of the C-DR mechanism.
  • Figure 5: Total system carbon emissions over time under the power dispatch schemes with and without the integration of the C-DR mechanism.
  • ...and 2 more figures