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Constraints on Lepton Number Violation with the 2 tonne$\cdot$yr CUORE Dataset

CUORE Collaboration, D. Q. Adams, C. Alduino, K. Alfonso, F. T. Avignone, O. Azzolini, G. Bari, F. Bellini, G. Benato, M. Beretta, M. Biassoni, A. Branca, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, J. Camilleri, A. Caminata, A. Campani, J. Cao, S. Capelli, C. Capelli, L. Cappelli, L. Cardani, P. Carniti, N. Casali, E. Celi, D. Chiesa, M. Clemenza, O. Cremonesi, R. J. Creswick, A. D'Addabbo, I. Dafinei, F. Del Corso, S. Dell'Oro, S. Di Domizio, S. Di Lorenzo, T. Dixon, V. Dompè, D. Q. Fang, G. Fantini, M. Faverzani, E. Ferri, F. Ferroni, E. Fiorini, M. A. Franceschi, S. J. Freedman, S. H. Fu, B. K. Fujikawa, S. Ghislandi, A. Giachero, M. Girola, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, P. V. Guillaumon, T. D. Gutierrez, K. Han, E. V. Hansen, K. M. Heeger, D. L. Helis, H. Z. Huang, G. Keppel, Yu. G. Kolomensky, R. Kowalski, R. Liu, L. Ma, Y. G. Ma, L. Marini, R. H. Maruyama, D. Mayer, Y. Mei, M. N. Moore, T. Napolitano, M. Nastasi, C. Nones, E. B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, I. Nutini, T. O'Donnell, M. Olmi, B. T. Oregui, J. L. Ouellet, S. Pagan, C. E. Pagliarone, L. Pagnanini, M. Pallavicini, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, G. Pessina, V. Pettinacci, C. Pira, S. Pirro, I. Ponce, E. G. Pottebaum, S. Pozzi, E. Previtali, A. Puiu, S. Quitadamo, A. Ressa, C. Rosenfeld, B. Schmidt, V. Sharma, V. Singh, M. Sisti, D. Speller, P. T. Surukuchi, L. Taffarello, C. Tomei, J. A Torres, K. J. Vetter, M. Vignati, S. L. Wagaarachchi, B. Welliver, J. Wilson, K. Wilson, L. A. Winslow, S. Zimmermann, S. Zucchelli

Abstract

Matter-antimatter asymmetry underlines the incompleteness of the current understanding of particle physics. Neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0νββ$) may help explain this asymmetry, while unveiling the Majorana nature of the neutrino. The CUORE experiment searches for $0νββ$ of $^{130}$Te using a tonne-scale cryogenic calorimeter operated at milli-kelvin temperatures. We report no evidence of $0νββ$ and place a lower limit on the half-life of $T_{1/2} >3.5 \times$ 10$^{25}$~years (90\% C.I.) with over 2~tonne$\cdot$year TeO$_2$ exposure. The tools and techniques developed for this result and the 5 year stable operation of nearly 1000 detectors demonstrate crucial infrastructure for a future-generation experiment capable of searching for $0νββ$ across multiple isotopes.

Constraints on Lepton Number Violation with the 2 tonne$\cdot$yr CUORE Dataset

Abstract

Matter-antimatter asymmetry underlines the incompleteness of the current understanding of particle physics. Neutrinoless double-beta decay () may help explain this asymmetry, while unveiling the Majorana nature of the neutrino. The CUORE experiment searches for of Te using a tonne-scale cryogenic calorimeter operated at milli-kelvin temperatures. We report no evidence of and place a lower limit on the half-life of 10~years (90\% C.I.) with over 2~tonneyear TeO exposure. The tools and techniques developed for this result and the 5 year stable operation of nearly 1000 detectors demonstrate crucial infrastructure for a future-generation experiment capable of searching for across multiple isotopes.
Paper Structure (19 sections, 7 equations, 12 figures, 2 tables)

This paper contains 19 sections, 7 equations, 12 figures, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. The CUORE experiment
  2. Data collection, analysis pipeline, and event selection
  3. Detector response
  4. Search for $\boldsymbol{0\nu \beta\beta}$
  5. Discussion and outlook
  6. Acknowledgments

Figures (12)

  • Figure 1: CUORE calorimeter. Shown are the absorber (i - TeO$_2$ crystal of $5\times5\times5$ cm$^3$ size); weak thermal couplings (ii - PTFE spacer, iii - Au wire); temperature sensor (iv - NTD Ge thermistor); heat sink (v - Cu frame); and auxiliary Joule heater (vi - Si chip). A spotlight was used to increase the visibility of the 25 $\mu$m wires used for electrical connection.
  • Figure 2: CUORE exposure. (A) Schematic representation of the crystal array. The color of each crystal reflects its total analyzed exposure divided by the maximum value for all the calorimeters. The calorimeters near the top of their towers are more susceptible to vibrations. Because of their lower performance, they were removed from the analysis and consequently exhibit low exposures. (B) For each dataset, the distribution of the exposure collected on single towers normalized to the livetime of their active channels within the selected dataset is shown in purple. Each entry in the distribution is a proxy for the mass of data collected with a given tower based on the number of active channels available. The cumulative analyzed exposure averaged over towers by dataset is shown in green.
  • Figure 3: Calorimeter energy resolution. Left: The distribution of the FWHM energy resolution of the CUORE active calorimeters at the $^{208}$Tl 2615 keV peak in calibration data for each dataset. The function drawn along the violin distribution represents the frequency of the FWHM energy resolution over the CUORE detector array. The colors indicate the base temperature at the time of measurement: 11 mK in green and 15 mK in purple. Right: One-dimensional projections of the resolutions corresponding to each temperature.
  • Figure 4: Fit to the ROI spectrum. The best-fit curve (dark purple) and the best-fit curve with the $0\nu \beta\beta$ rate fixed to the 90% C.I. limit (dashed green) to the spectrum (yellow) in the ROI after all selection cuts.
  • Figure 5: Limits on $\boldsymbol{m_{\beta\beta}}$. The allowed parameter space as a function of the lightest neutrino mass in the case of inverted (normal) ordering is shown in green (purple). The lighter shaded areas correspond to the 3$\sigma$ uncertainties on the oscillation parameters Agostini:2022zub. The yellow band corresponds to the limit obtained from this analysis. Limits obtained from $^{76}$Ge GERDA:PRL, $^{82}$Se CUPID:2022puj, $^{100}$Mo Agrawal:2025, $^{136}$Xe KamLAND-Zen:2022tow are also shown.
  • ...and 7 more figures