Exploring Communication Technologies, Standards, and Challenges in Electrified Vehicle Charging
Xiang Ma, Yuan Zhou, Hanwen Zhang, Qun Wang, Haijian Sun, Hongjie Wang, Rose Qingyang Hu
TL;DR
This paper provides a comprehensive survey of communication technologies, standards, and challenges for electric vehicle wireless charging, distinguishing static (SWPT) from dynamic (DWPT) charging and detailing the associated architecture, data flows, and security/privacy concerns. It evaluates V2X communication standards (DSRC, C‑V2X) and supplementary wireless technologies (LoRa, ZigBee, BLE, WiFi) in the context of SWPT and DWPT, and analyzes communication requirements for coil alignment, authentication, payment, and grid interaction. The review covers the impact of wireless charging on the power grid, including V2G concepts and grid‑level communications, and discusses attack surfaces with defense mechanisms ranging from lightweight cryptography to blockchain‑based approaches and fast authentication protocols. The paper highlights future directions such as simultaneous wireless power and data transmission (SWPDT) and 5G NR‑V2X to enable low‑latency, high‑reliability on‑road charging, while outlining research gaps in standardization, security, and grid integration.
Abstract
As public awareness of environmental protection continues to grow, the trend of integrating more electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation sector is rising. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs can minimize carbon emissions and potentially achieve autonomous driving. However, several obstacles hinder the widespread adoption of EVs, such as their constrained driving range and the extended time required for charging. One alternative solution to address these challenges is implementing dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), charging EVs in motion on the road. Moreover, charging stations with static wireless power transfer (SWPT) infrastructure can replace existing gas stations, enabling users to charge EVs in parking lots or at home. This paper surveys the communication infrastructure for static and dynamic wireless charging in electric vehicles. It encompasses all communication aspects involved in the wireless charging process. The architecture and communication requirements for static and dynamic wireless charging are presented separately. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison of existing communication standards is provided. The communication with the grid is also explored in detail. The survey gives attention to security and privacy issues arising during communications. In summary, the paper addresses the challenges and outlines upcoming trends in communication for EV wireless charging.