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Joint Planning of Charging Stations and Power Systems for Heavy-Duty Drayage Trucks

Zuzhao Ye, Nanpeng Yu, Ran Wei

TL;DR

The paper develops a spatio-temporal MILP that jointly plans charging-station siting, substation upgrades, and truck battery sizing to enable zero-emission drayage, validated with Los Angeles-area data and real-world grid assets. It analyzes two objectives—hosting capacity and cost-effective regulatory compliance—demonstrating substantial grid upgrades may be required to meet CA’s 2035 drayage-zero targets, while offering scalable insights for other regions. Key findings include how high-capacity, port-adjacent charging needs interact with substation constraints, the importance of TOU-aware charging to manage peak loads, and the evolving battery-size requirements (average ~328 kWh by 2033). The work provides a practical, data-driven framework for policymakers and utilities to coordinate investment, infrastructure, and fleet electrification, with potential extensions to other freight sectors and vehicle-to-grid strategies.

Abstract

As global concerns about climate change intensify, the transition towards zero-emission freight is becoming increasingly vital. Drayage is an important segment of the freight system, typically involving the transport of goods from seaports or intermodal terminals to nearby warehouses. This sector significantly contributes to not only greenhouse gas emissions, but also pollution in densely populated areas. This study presents a holistic optimization model designed for an efficient transition to zero-emission drayage, offering cost-effective strategies for the coordinated investment planning for power systems, charging infrastructure, and electric drayage trucks. The model is validated in the Greater Los Angeles area, where regulatory goals are among the most ambitious. Furthermore, the model's design allows for easy adaptation to other regions. By focusing on drayage trucks, this study also paves the way for future research into other freight categories, establishing a foundation for a more extensive exploration in this field.

Joint Planning of Charging Stations and Power Systems for Heavy-Duty Drayage Trucks

TL;DR

The paper develops a spatio-temporal MILP that jointly plans charging-station siting, substation upgrades, and truck battery sizing to enable zero-emission drayage, validated with Los Angeles-area data and real-world grid assets. It analyzes two objectives—hosting capacity and cost-effective regulatory compliance—demonstrating substantial grid upgrades may be required to meet CA’s 2035 drayage-zero targets, while offering scalable insights for other regions. Key findings include how high-capacity, port-adjacent charging needs interact with substation constraints, the importance of TOU-aware charging to manage peak loads, and the evolving battery-size requirements (average ~328 kWh by 2033). The work provides a practical, data-driven framework for policymakers and utilities to coordinate investment, infrastructure, and fleet electrification, with potential extensions to other freight sectors and vehicle-to-grid strategies.

Abstract

As global concerns about climate change intensify, the transition towards zero-emission freight is becoming increasingly vital. Drayage is an important segment of the freight system, typically involving the transport of goods from seaports or intermodal terminals to nearby warehouses. This sector significantly contributes to not only greenhouse gas emissions, but also pollution in densely populated areas. This study presents a holistic optimization model designed for an efficient transition to zero-emission drayage, offering cost-effective strategies for the coordinated investment planning for power systems, charging infrastructure, and electric drayage trucks. The model is validated in the Greater Los Angeles area, where regulatory goals are among the most ambitious. Furthermore, the model's design allows for easy adaptation to other regions. By focusing on drayage trucks, this study also paves the way for future research into other freight categories, establishing a foundation for a more extensive exploration in this field.
Paper Structure (27 sections, 27 equations, 10 figures, 1 table)

This paper contains 27 sections, 27 equations, 10 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Literature Review
  3. Charging Infrastructure Planning
  4. Joint Planning with Power System
  5. Contribution
  6. Methodology
  7. Problem Description
  8. Drayage Trucks
  9. Charging Infrastructure
  10. Power Delivery System
  11. Objective Functions
  12. Mode 1 - Hosting Capacity Examination
  13. Mode 2 - Cost-Effective Regulation Compliance
  14. Data Description
  15. Drayage Trucks
  16. ...and 12 more sections

Figures (10)

  • Figure 1: An illustration of the systems studied.
  • Figure 3: Trends of zero-emission drayage trucks: California state goals and the share in the Greater Los Angeles area.
  • Figure 4: Comparison between raw GPS data and processed 15-minute trajectories (Depot location adjusted for confidentiality).
  • Figure 5: Truck activity statistics with dashed lines indicating average values for each category.
  • Figure 6: Geographical distribution of candidate charging stations and electric substations.
  • ...and 5 more figures