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A Review of Virtual Reality Studies on Autonomous Vehicle--Pedestrian Interaction

Tram Thi Minh Tran, Callum Parker, Martin Tomitsch

TL;DR

By performing a systematic analysis, this work identified current coverage of critical use cases, obtained a comprehensive account of factors influencing pedestrian behavior in simulated traffic scenarios, and assessed evaluation measures.

Abstract

An increasing number of studies employ virtual reality (VR) to evaluate interactions between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. VR simulators are valued for their cost-effectiveness, flexibility in developing various traffic scenarios, safe conduct of user studies, and acceptable ecological validity. Reviewing the literature between 2010 and 2020, we found 31 empirical studies using VR as a testing apparatus for both implicit and explicit communication. By performing a systematic analysis, we identified current coverage of critical use cases, obtained a comprehensive account of factors influencing pedestrian behavior in simulated traffic scenarios, and assessed evaluation measures. Based on the findings, we present a set of recommendations for implementing VR pedestrian simulators and propose directions for future research.

A Review of Virtual Reality Studies on Autonomous Vehicle--Pedestrian Interaction

TL;DR

By performing a systematic analysis, this work identified current coverage of critical use cases, obtained a comprehensive account of factors influencing pedestrian behavior in simulated traffic scenarios, and assessed evaluation measures.

Abstract

An increasing number of studies employ virtual reality (VR) to evaluate interactions between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians. VR simulators are valued for their cost-effectiveness, flexibility in developing various traffic scenarios, safe conduct of user studies, and acceptable ecological validity. Reviewing the literature between 2010 and 2020, we found 31 empirical studies using VR as a testing apparatus for both implicit and explicit communication. By performing a systematic analysis, we identified current coverage of critical use cases, obtained a comprehensive account of factors influencing pedestrian behavior in simulated traffic scenarios, and assessed evaluation measures. Based on the findings, we present a set of recommendations for implementing VR pedestrian simulators and propose directions for future research.
Paper Structure (33 sections, 1 figure, 2 tables)

This paper contains 33 sections, 1 figure, 2 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Approach
  3. Research questions
  4. Search strategies
  5. Data sources
  6. Keywords
  7. Search procedure and results
  8. Study selection
  9. Charting the data
  10. Results
  11. Overview
  12. Critical use cases and scenarios
  13. Right of way
  14. The number of AVs and pedestrians in the interaction
  15. Scenario configuration
  16. ...and 18 more sections

Figures (1)

  • Figure 1: A summary of different factors influencing pedestrian experience and behavior.