Shear viscosity and electric conductivity of quark matter at finite temperature and chemical potential with QCD phase transitions

Abstract

In the Beam Energy Scan phase II (BES-II) experiments at RHIC STAR, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced with changing collision energies may probe different regions of the QCD phase diagram. Correspondingly, studying the transport coefficients of quark matter in these regions will contribute to extracting the QCD phase structure through hydrodynamic approaches. We investigate the shear viscosity and electric conductivity within the framework of kinetic theory with the relaxation time approximation, in particular their behaviors near the Mott and first-order phase transitions with a spinodal structure as well as along the isentropic trajectories. To derived the scattering cross-section under different conditions, the temperature and chemical potential dependent masses of quarks, antiquarks and exchanged mesons are calculated in the Polyakov-loop extended Nambu--Jona Lasinio (PNJL) model. The numerical results indicate that, at small chemical potential, the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio ($η/s$) has a minimum near the Mott phase transition and increases rapidly in the lower-temperature side of the chiral crossover phase transition. At large chemical potential (high baryon density), $η/s$ in the QGP phase is dominated by temperature, and the value of $η/s$ is greatly enhanced at low temperatures. At intermediate temperature and chemical potential near the QCD phase transition, the behavior of $η/s$ is influenced by the competition between temperature, density, and QCD phase transition. The electirc conductivity ($σ/T$) roughly exhibits similar characteristics to $η/s$ in the QCD phase diagram, whereas the dimensionless ratio of $η/s$ to $σ/T$ decreases monotonically with growing temperature, approaching a constant in the high-temperature limit.

Figures (18)

• Figure 1: Masses of pseudoscalar mesons (pion and kaon), the constitute masses $M_u+M_d$ and $M_u+M_s$, and the meson decay widths as functions of temperature for $\mu_B=0$ (upper) and $\mu_B=600$ MeV (lower).
• Figure 2: QCD phase diagram in the $T-\mu_B$ plane in the PNJL model, including the Mott phase transitions of pion and kaon and chiral crossover and first-order phase transitions with spinodal lines. The CEP locates $T_C=131\,$MeV, $\mu_C=873\,$MeV. The isentropic trajectories for $s/\rho_B=300,100,50,25,15,10,5,4,3$ are also plotted for the convenience of subsequent discussions.
• Figure 3: QCD phase diagram in the $T-\rho_B$ plane in the PNJL model, including the Mott phase transitions of pion and kaon and chiral crossover and first-order phase transitions with spinodal lines. The CEP locates $T_C=131\,$MeV, $\rho_C=1.94\rho_0$). The isentropic trajectories for $s/\rho_B=5,4,3$ are also illustrated.
• Figure 4: Cross sections of quark-quark ( $ud\rightarrow ud$ and $us\rightarrow us$) and quark-antiquark ( $u\bar{d}\rightarrow u\bar{d}$ and $u\bar{s}\rightarrow u\bar{s}$) elastic scattering as functions of center-of-mass collision energy at different temperature and quark chemical potential.
• Figure 5: Relaxation time of quarks and antiquarks as functions of temperature for $\mu_B=0$ and $\mu_B=800\,$MeV. The solid (hollow) triangles represent the $\eta/s$ at the point where these $\mu_B(T)$ line intersect the chiral crossover phase transition line (pion Mott transition line).