Socially Aware V2X Localized QoS

TL;DR

This work studies both 4G and 5G V2X utilizing E-UTRA-NR and proposes the use of socially aware 5G NR dual connectivity (en-DC) for traffic differentiation and formulates a max-min fair QoS-aware nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) resource allocation scheme, QoS reclassify.

Abstract

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is a core 5G technology. V2X and its enabler, Device-to-Device (D2D), are essential for the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). V2X enables vehicles to communicate with other vehicles (V2V), networks (V2N), and infrastructure (V2I). While V2X enables ubiquitous vehicular connectivity, the impact of bursty data on the network's overall Quality of Service (QoS), such as when a vehicle accident occurs, is often ignored. In this work, we study both 4G and 5G V2X utilizing Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access New Radio (E-UTRA-NR) and propose the use of socially aware 5G NR Dual Connectivity (en-DC) for traffic differentiation. We also propose localized QoS, wherein high-priority QoS flows traverse 5G road side units (RSUs) and normal-priority QoS flows traverse 4G Base Station (BS). We formulate a max-min fair QoS-aware Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) resource allocation scheme, QoS reclassify. QoS reclassify enables localized QoS and traffic steering to mitigate bursty network traffic's impact on the network's overall QoS. We then solve QoS reclassify via Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and derive its approximation. We demonstrate that both optimal and approximation QoS reclassify resource allocation schemes in our socially aware QoS management methodology outperform socially unaware legacy 4G V2X algorithms (no localized QoS support, no traffic steering) and socially aware 5G V2X (no localized QoS support, yet utilizes traffic steering). Our proposed QoS reclassify scheme's QoS flow end-to-end latency requires only $\approx~15\%$ of the time legacy 4G V2X requires.

Figures (11)

• Figure 1: Network traffic end-to-end QoS flow latency example with 4G LTE macrocell BS and 5G NR RSU Dual Connectivity (en-DC). RSUs provide localized resources, while macrocell BSs provide regional resources. Macrocell only does not use traffic steering nor QoS reclassification. Socially aware uses traffic steering only. QoS reclassify uses traffic steering and QoS reclassification, where vehicular originating high-priority traffic is transmitted to the RSU and then forwarded to the macrocell BS for global dissemination. QoS reclassify reclassifies high-priority traffic as a normal-priority before forwarding a QoS flow from an RSU to a macrocell BS. In contrast, normal-priority traffic is directed only to the macrocell BS.
• Figure 2: V2X en-DC System Model: Every vehicle has a primary association with a BS and potentially a secondary association with an RSU. The BS provides regional resources, while the RSU provides local resources.
• Figure 3: V2X en-DC Network Segments: Network segment $\text{①}$ provides uplink resources, $\text{②}$ provides inter-AP connectivity for QoS flow forwarding, and $\text{③}$ provides downlink resources.
• Figure 4: V2X en-DC System Architecture: V2X en-DC uses an LTE BS, which acts as the master node, and a 5G NR RSU, which acts as a secondary node. Both nodes terminate on the EPC core. The MEC QoS server establishes QoS classes for the LTE BS, 5G QoS mapping rules for the 5G NR RSU, and performs group membership list management via the EPC core connectivity.
• Figure 5: UE-BS Queue model: There are $m$ vehicles transmitting to RSU $j$, and $n$ RSUs transmitting to the BS $k$ which serves $p$ vehicles. The individual data reception and transmission rates combine and split per a Poisson process.