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3D Receiver for Molecular Communications in Internet of Organoids

Shaojie Zhang, Ozgur B. Akan

TL;DR

This work addresses signaling between organoids via molecular communication by designing the first 3D FinFET-based MC receiver with top and side gate receptors and explicit threshold-voltage modeling. It combines a 3D BioFET framework with a time-slotted concentration-shift-keying scheme in a microfluidic channel, deriving detailed models for molecular transport, binding dynamics, transduction, and both binding and flicker noise. The study provides SNR and SEP analyses, showing that the 3D FinFET receiver achieves higher SNR than a 2D counterpart and can operate with physiological ionic strengths, yielding favorable SEP under realistic conditions. The results highlight the practical potential of IoO-enabled, in situ electronic interfacing for organoid networks and nanoscale sensing in biointegrated systems.

Abstract

Organoids have garnered attention due to their effectiveness in modeling the 3D structure of organ interactions. However, the communication engineering perspective has received relatively little attention. One way to achieve organoids communication is molecular communication (MC). Molecular communication is a bio-inspired communication paradigm that uses molecules as information carriers. It is considered one of the most promising methods for enabling the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) and nanonetworks. BioFETs are commonly used to implement practical MC receivers. However, most previous analyses have focused on a planar device, neglecting considerations like the threshold voltage and its potential 3D structure. This paper introduces the first FinFET-based MC receiver that covers both the top and side gates with receptors. Both binding noise and flicker noise are considered in the analysis. The performance, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error probability (SEP), is compared with that of the 2D receiver.

3D Receiver for Molecular Communications in Internet of Organoids

TL;DR

This work addresses signaling between organoids via molecular communication by designing the first 3D FinFET-based MC receiver with top and side gate receptors and explicit threshold-voltage modeling. It combines a 3D BioFET framework with a time-slotted concentration-shift-keying scheme in a microfluidic channel, deriving detailed models for molecular transport, binding dynamics, transduction, and both binding and flicker noise. The study provides SNR and SEP analyses, showing that the 3D FinFET receiver achieves higher SNR than a 2D counterpart and can operate with physiological ionic strengths, yielding favorable SEP under realistic conditions. The results highlight the practical potential of IoO-enabled, in situ electronic interfacing for organoid networks and nanoscale sensing in biointegrated systems.

Abstract

Organoids have garnered attention due to their effectiveness in modeling the 3D structure of organ interactions. However, the communication engineering perspective has received relatively little attention. One way to achieve organoids communication is molecular communication (MC). Molecular communication is a bio-inspired communication paradigm that uses molecules as information carriers. It is considered one of the most promising methods for enabling the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) and nanonetworks. BioFETs are commonly used to implement practical MC receivers. However, most previous analyses have focused on a planar device, neglecting considerations like the threshold voltage and its potential 3D structure. This paper introduces the first FinFET-based MC receiver that covers both the top and side gates with receptors. Both binding noise and flicker noise are considered in the analysis. The performance, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error probability (SEP), is compared with that of the 2D receiver.
Paper Structure (19 sections, 27 equations, 11 figures, 1 table)

This paper contains 19 sections, 27 equations, 11 figures, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. 3D BioFET Working Principle And Modeling
  3. SiNW FinFET Receiver Model
  4. Molecular Transport in Microfluidic Channel
  5. Received Signal
  6. Biorecognition Block and Binding Noise
  7. Transducer Block
  8. Output Block and $1/ f$ Noise
  9. Overall Noise PSD
  10. Performance Analysis
  11. Receiver Response and Noise Power
  12. Receiver Response
  13. Noise Power
  14. SNR analysis
  15. Effect of Communication System-related Parameters
  16. ...and 4 more sections

Figures (11)

  • Figure 1: (a) Functional units of an MC receiver Kuscu2015modelingbiofet, and (b) 3D SiNW FET-based MC receiver antenna where receptors cover all the gate area. Insulating $SiO_2$ layer entirely covering the SiNW, source and drain is not shown for better visualization of the transducer
  • Figure 2: Cross-sectional views: (a) along the channel length and (b) along the channel width.
  • Figure 3: (a) 3D and (b) 2D views of a microfluidic channel and the locations of transmitter and receiverKuscu2016SiNWmodeling
  • Figure 4: Block diagram of microfluidic MC system with SiNW FET-based MC receiverKuscu2016SiNWmodeling.
  • Figure 5: Expected output current $\mu_{I_m}$ as a function of number of ligands $N_m$ released by transmitter in 3D receiver
  • ...and 6 more figures