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Experimental characterization of cohesive laws for mode-II interlaminar fracture in geometrically scaled composites using through-thickness deformation analysis

Han-Gyu Kim, Ryan Howe, Richard Wiebe, S. Michael Spottswood, Patrick J. O'Hara, Marco Salviato

Abstract

This work proposes an experimental framework to characterize a cohesive law for mode-II interlaminar fracture and demonstrates its implementation. For a size effect study, geometrically scaled end-notched flexure specimens were tested using microscopic and macroscopic digital image correlation (DIC) systems. The fracture energy was characterized using a compliance calibration method and Bažant's type-II size effect law for comparison. In the proposed experimental framework, the DIC data were post-processed using three steps: coordinate transformation, curve fitting, and through-thickness deformation analysis. Different magnitudes of separation values were measured from different sizes at fracture loads, implying size effect and partial development of cohesive laws. Modeling and simulations were intended to validate the proposed method and demonstrate the utilization of the experimental data. Additionally, challenges related to finding a single cohesive law for geometrically scaled specimens of a single material were exposed. A single cohesive law for the scaled specimens was developed and proposed as a material property of the specimen material. The fracture energy of the single law was smaller than the energy obtained from the size effect analysis, while the sizes of fracture process zones at fracture loads were smaller than the experimental measurements. However, the global fracture behaviors of the models showed good agreement with the experimental data of the mid-size specimen while showing reasonable agreement with the other sizes. Furthermore, the single law successfully captured local fracture behaviors by showing partial cohesive zone development at the fracture loads and matching the microscopic measurement of the separation values.

Experimental characterization of cohesive laws for mode-II interlaminar fracture in geometrically scaled composites using through-thickness deformation analysis

Abstract

This work proposes an experimental framework to characterize a cohesive law for mode-II interlaminar fracture and demonstrates its implementation. For a size effect study, geometrically scaled end-notched flexure specimens were tested using microscopic and macroscopic digital image correlation (DIC) systems. The fracture energy was characterized using a compliance calibration method and Bažant's type-II size effect law for comparison. In the proposed experimental framework, the DIC data were post-processed using three steps: coordinate transformation, curve fitting, and through-thickness deformation analysis. Different magnitudes of separation values were measured from different sizes at fracture loads, implying size effect and partial development of cohesive laws. Modeling and simulations were intended to validate the proposed method and demonstrate the utilization of the experimental data. Additionally, challenges related to finding a single cohesive law for geometrically scaled specimens of a single material were exposed. A single cohesive law for the scaled specimens was developed and proposed as a material property of the specimen material. The fracture energy of the single law was smaller than the energy obtained from the size effect analysis, while the sizes of fracture process zones at fracture loads were smaller than the experimental measurements. However, the global fracture behaviors of the models showed good agreement with the experimental data of the mid-size specimen while showing reasonable agreement with the other sizes. Furthermore, the single law successfully captured local fracture behaviors by showing partial cohesive zone development at the fracture loads and matching the microscopic measurement of the separation values.
Paper Structure (25 sections, 4 equations, 22 figures, 6 tables)

This paper contains 25 sections, 4 equations, 22 figures, 6 tables.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Motivations
  3. Quasibrittle fracture process and size effect in composites
  4. Damage modeling for composites
  5. Objectives
  6. Experimental work
  7. Specimen details
  8. Experimental setup
  9. 2D microscopic DIC system
  10. 3D macroscopic DIC system
  11. Experimental results
  12. Experimental characterization of global fracture behaviors
  13. Load-displacement analysis
  14. Size effect analysis
  15. Experimental characterization of local fracture behaviors
  16. ...and 10 more sections

Figures (22)

  • Figure 1: Schematics of the multi-physics elements and their couplings for high-speed aircraft under aerothermodynamic loading.
  • Figure 2: Schematics of the scaled ENF specimens. The thickness, gauge length, width, and initial crack length of the Size-3 specimen are represented by $h_3$, $L_3$, $b$, and $(a_0)_3$, respectively.
  • Figure 3: Experimental setups for two different scales of DIC tests. (a) 2D microscopic DIC setup. (b) 3D macroscopic DIC setup.
  • Figure 4: Load-displacement analysis of the ENF tests. (a) Size-1 data. (b) Size-2 data. (c) Size-3 data. (d) Collection of all test data.
  • Figure 5: Size effect analysis of the experimental data. (a) Linear regression analysis of the experimental data. (b) J-integral simulation results for $g$ and $g'$. (c) Size effect plot.
  • ...and 17 more figures