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Atomique: A Quantum Compiler for Reconfigurable Neutral Atom Arrays

Hanrui Wang, Pengyu Liu, Daniel Bochen Tan, Yilian Liu, Jiaqi Gu, David Z. Pan, Jason Cong, Umut A. Acar, Song Han

TL;DR

This work explores a novel architecture reconfigurable atom arrays (RAAs), also known as field programmable qubit arrays (FPQAs), which allows for coherent atom movements during circuit execution under some constraints, and introduces Atomique, a compilation framework designed for qubit mapping, atom movement, and gate scheduling for RAA.

Abstract

The neutral atom array has gained prominence in quantum computing for its scalability and operation fidelity. Previous works focus on fixed atom arrays (FAAs) that require extensive SWAP operations for long-range interactions. This work explores a novel architecture reconfigurable atom arrays (RAAs), also known as field programmable qubit arrays (FPQAs), which allows for coherent atom movements during circuit execution under some constraints. Such atom movements, which are unique to this architecture, could reduce the cost of long-range interactions significantly if the atom movements could be scheduled strategically. In this work, we introduce Atomique, a compilation framework designed for qubit mapping, atom movement, and gate scheduling for RAA. Atomique contains a qubit-array mapper to decide the coarse-grained mapping of the qubits to arrays, leveraging MAX k-Cut on a constructed gate frequency graph to minimize SWAP overhead. Subsequently, a qubit-atom mapper determines the fine-grained mapping of qubits to specific atoms in the array and considers load balance to prevent hardware constraint violations. We further propose a router that identifies parallel gates, schedules them simultaneously, and reduces depth. We evaluate Atomique across 20+ diverse benchmarks, including generic circuits (arbitrary, QASMBench, SupermarQ), quantum simulation, and QAOA circuits. Atomique consistently outperforms IBM Superconducting, FAA with long-range gates, and FAA with rectangular and triangular topologies, achieving significant reductions in depth and the number of two-qubit gates.

Atomique: A Quantum Compiler for Reconfigurable Neutral Atom Arrays

TL;DR

This work explores a novel architecture reconfigurable atom arrays (RAAs), also known as field programmable qubit arrays (FPQAs), which allows for coherent atom movements during circuit execution under some constraints, and introduces Atomique, a compilation framework designed for qubit mapping, atom movement, and gate scheduling for RAA.

Abstract

The neutral atom array has gained prominence in quantum computing for its scalability and operation fidelity. Previous works focus on fixed atom arrays (FAAs) that require extensive SWAP operations for long-range interactions. This work explores a novel architecture reconfigurable atom arrays (RAAs), also known as field programmable qubit arrays (FPQAs), which allows for coherent atom movements during circuit execution under some constraints. Such atom movements, which are unique to this architecture, could reduce the cost of long-range interactions significantly if the atom movements could be scheduled strategically. In this work, we introduce Atomique, a compilation framework designed for qubit mapping, atom movement, and gate scheduling for RAA. Atomique contains a qubit-array mapper to decide the coarse-grained mapping of the qubits to arrays, leveraging MAX k-Cut on a constructed gate frequency graph to minimize SWAP overhead. Subsequently, a qubit-atom mapper determines the fine-grained mapping of qubits to specific atoms in the array and considers load balance to prevent hardware constraint violations. We further propose a router that identifies parallel gates, schedules them simultaneously, and reduces depth. We evaluate Atomique across 20+ diverse benchmarks, including generic circuits (arbitrary, QASMBench, SupermarQ), quantum simulation, and QAOA circuits. Atomique consistently outperforms IBM Superconducting, FAA with long-range gates, and FAA with rectangular and triangular topologies, achieving significant reductions in depth and the number of two-qubit gates.
Paper Structure (27 sections, 2 equations, 25 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm)

This paper contains 27 sections, 2 equations, 25 figures, 3 tables, 1 algorithm.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. RAA Background
  3. Atomique Compilation Framework
  4. Qubit-Array Mapper
  5. Qubit-Atom Mapper
  6. High-Parallelism AOD Router
  7. Atom Movement Overhead
  8. Evaluation
  9. Evaluation Methodology
  10. Main Results
  11. Analysis
  12. Related Works
  13. Conclusion and Outlook
  14. Acknowledgement
  15. Artifact Appendix
  16. ...and 12 more sections

Figures (25)

  • Figure 1: Reconfigurable neutral atom array with fixed and movable atoms.
  • Figure 2: RAA single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates.
  • Figure 3: Overall pipeline of Atomique.
  • Figure 4: Qubit-array mapper decides the array for each qubit with MAX k-Cut to reduce SWAP overhead.
  • Figure 5: An example showing why SWAP is still needed and how they are applied.
  • ...and 20 more figures