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Post-experiment coincidence detection techniques for direct detection of two-body correlations

Dezhong Cao, Yuehua Su

TL;DR

This work tackles the challenge of directly detecting two-body correlations in strongly correlated electron systems by introducing post-experiment coincidence detection techniques that leverage pulse-resolved ARPES (cARPES) and INS (cINS). It develops a post-experiment coincidence counting framework where per-pulse joint counts yield an absolute coincidence probability, with the two-body signal isolated by subtracting products of single-pulse counts. The authors derive an S-matrix perturbation theory formalism showing that observed coincidences factorize into target-electron form factors and probe-state factors, and they formulate two-body Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes for particle-particle and two-spin channels to model the correlations. They further show that these post-experiment methods reproduce known instantaneous results in appropriate limits and provide explicit prescriptions for the required timing (pulse width, inter-pulse separation) and data analysis, highlighting potential impact for unveiling mechanisms of high-temperature superconductivity and quantum spin liquids.

Abstract

It is one challenge to develop experimental techniques for direct detection of the many-body correlations of strongly correlated electrons, which exhibit a variety of unsolved mysteries. In this article, we present a \textit{post-experiment} coincidence counting method and propose two \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques, \textit{post-experiment} coincidence angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (cARPES) and \textit{post-experiment} coincidence inelastic neutron scattering (cINS). By coincidence detection of two photoelectric processes or two neutron-scattering processes, the \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques can detect directly the two-body correlations of strongly correlated electrons in particle-particle channel or two-spin channel. The \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques can be implemented upon the \textit{pulse}-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) or inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experimental apparatus with \textit{pulse} photon or neutron source. When implemented experimentally, they will be powerful techniques to study the highly esoteric high-temperature superconductivity and the highly coveted quantum spin liquids.

Post-experiment coincidence detection techniques for direct detection of two-body correlations

TL;DR

This work tackles the challenge of directly detecting two-body correlations in strongly correlated electron systems by introducing post-experiment coincidence detection techniques that leverage pulse-resolved ARPES (cARPES) and INS (cINS). It develops a post-experiment coincidence counting framework where per-pulse joint counts yield an absolute coincidence probability, with the two-body signal isolated by subtracting products of single-pulse counts. The authors derive an S-matrix perturbation theory formalism showing that observed coincidences factorize into target-electron form factors and probe-state factors, and they formulate two-body Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes for particle-particle and two-spin channels to model the correlations. They further show that these post-experiment methods reproduce known instantaneous results in appropriate limits and provide explicit prescriptions for the required timing (pulse width, inter-pulse separation) and data analysis, highlighting potential impact for unveiling mechanisms of high-temperature superconductivity and quantum spin liquids.

Abstract

It is one challenge to develop experimental techniques for direct detection of the many-body correlations of strongly correlated electrons, which exhibit a variety of unsolved mysteries. In this article, we present a \textit{post-experiment} coincidence counting method and propose two \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques, \textit{post-experiment} coincidence angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (cARPES) and \textit{post-experiment} coincidence inelastic neutron scattering (cINS). By coincidence detection of two photoelectric processes or two neutron-scattering processes, the \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques can detect directly the two-body correlations of strongly correlated electrons in particle-particle channel or two-spin channel. The \textit{post-experiment} coincidence detection techniques can be implemented upon the \textit{pulse}-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) or inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experimental apparatus with \textit{pulse} photon or neutron source. When implemented experimentally, they will be powerful techniques to study the highly esoteric high-temperature superconductivity and the highly coveted quantum spin liquids.
Paper Structure (9 sections, 39 equations, 1 figure, 1 table)

This paper contains 9 sections, 39 equations, 1 figure, 1 table.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Post-experiment coincidence detection techniques
  3. Post-experiment coincidence counting method
  4. Post-experiment $\text{c}$ARPES
  5. Post-experiment $\text{c}$INS
  6. Conclusion
  7. A general $S$-matrix perturbation detection theory
  8. $S$-matrix perturbation theory for ARPES
  9. $S$-matrix perturbation theory for post-experiment cARPES

Figures (1)

  • Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the coincidence detection techniques. (a) The instantaneous coincidence detection technique with a coincidence detector $D_{1\otimes 2}$, (b) the post-experiment coincidence detection technique with a pulse source and two counting recorders $R_1$ and $R_2$. Here $D_1$ and $D_2$ are two single-photoelectron or single-neutron detectors. Fig. 1 (a) adapted with permission from Refs. SuZhang2020SucINS2021, copyrighted by the American Physical Society.