Adaptive Data-Driven Prediction in a Building Control Hierarchy: A Case Study of Demand Response in Switzerland
Jicheng Shi, Yingzhao Lian, Christophe Salzmann, Colin N. Jones
TL;DR
This work tackles the challenge of efficiently commissioning building controllers for demand response by introducing an adaptive bi-level DeePC method grounded in Willems' Fundamental Lemma. The approach eliminates explicit white-box modeling, instead using data-driven prediction with adaptively updated Hankel matrices and convex optimization within a three-layer SFC hierarchy that coordinates a building and an ESS for secondary frequency control. Key contributions include reformulating the LL-DP into linear equations, implementing scenario-based day-ahead planning and robust predictive control, and validating the framework with a 52-day Polydome experiment achieving up to $28.74\%$ operating-cost savings. The results demonstrate significant reductions in commissioning effort and improved cost efficiency, highlighting the practical potential of data-driven building controls for grid services and DR programs.
Abstract
By providing various services, such as Demand Response (DR), buildings can play a crucial role in the energy market due to their significant energy consumption. However, effectively commissioning buildings for such desired functionalities requires significant expert knowledge and design effort, considering the variations in building dynamics and intended use. In this study, we introduce an adaptive data-driven prediction scheme based on Willems' Fundamental Lemma within the building control hierarchy. This scheme offers a versatile, flexible, and user-friendly interface for diverse prediction and control objectives. We provide an easy-to-use tuning process and an adaptive update pipeline for the scheme, both validated through extensive prediction tests. We evaluate the proposed scheme by coordinating a building and an energy storage system to provide Secondary Frequency Control (SFC) in a Swiss DR program. Specifically, we integrate the scheme into a three-layer hierarchical SFC control framework, and each layer of this hierarchy is designed to achieve distinct operational goals. Apart from its flexibility, our approach significantly improves cost efficiency, resulting in a 28.74% reduction in operating costs compared to a conventional control scheme, as demonstrated by a 52-day experiment in an actual building. Our findings emphasize the potential of the proposed scheme to reduce the commissioning costs of advanced building control strategies and to facilitate the adoption of new techniques in building control.