Characterizing and Utilizing the Interplay between Quantum Technologies and Non-Terrestrial Networks

TL;DR

The paper addresses the challenge of achieving globally secure quantum communications given fiber losses by examining Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as a free-space alternative. It surveys quantum technologies (information, communication, computing, sensing, and QKD) and NTN architectures, analyzes integration challenges (channel reliability, network flexibility, and scalability), and discusses solutions such as MIMO, SDN-based management, MDI-QKD, trusted relays, and quantum repeaters. The authors articulate a range of future directions and space-based applications—space-based quantum clouds, DSQC, quantum-assisted digital twins, and sector-specific use cases in healthcare, finance, and defense—to motivate continued, interdisciplinary research. The work highlights the potential for NTNs to enable global, secure, high-performance quantum networks, while acknowledging technical hurdles like memory coherence, synchronization, and inter-layer interoperability that must be overcome for practical deployment.

Abstract

Quantum technologies are increasingly recognized as groundbreaking advancements set to redefine the landscape of computing, communications, and sensing by leveraging quantum phenomena, like entanglement and teleportation. Quantum technologies offer an interesting set of advantages such as unconditional security, large communications capacity, unparalleled computational speed, and ultra-precise sensing capabilities. However, their global deployment faces challenges related to communication ranges and geographical boundaries. Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) have emerged as a potential remedy for these challenges through providing free-space quantum links to circumvent the exponential losses inherent in fiber optics. This paper delves into the dynamic interplay between quantum technologies and NTNs to unveil their synergistic potential. Specifically, we investigate their integration challenges and the potential solutions to foster a symbiotic convergence of quantum and NTN functionalities while identifying avenues for enhanced interoperability. This paper not only offers useful insights into the mutual advantages but also presents future research directions, aiming to inspire additional studies and advance this interdisciplinary collaboration.

Figures (8)

• Figure 1: Structure and organization of the paper.
• Figure 2: General schematic diagram of a multi-layered space-based network.
• Figure 3: Multi-layered quantum NTNs.
• Figure 4: Basic schematic diagram of an NTN quantum channel including encoding classical information into quantum states, Secure quantum transmission using free space optical or Li-Fi channel, and then, decoding the received quantum states to obtain the classical information.
• Figure 5: Quantum conference key agreement, quantum secret sharing, and quantum anonymous communications networks can be implemented in a similar network configuration with multipartite entanglement and NTN component acting as a central node.