Parameterized complexity of reconfiguration of atoms

TL;DR

This work reframes atom rearrangement in quantum simulation as a token-moving reconfiguration problem on graphs and analyzes its parameterized complexity across unlabelled/labelled tokens and undirected/directed graphs. It shows that finding shortest reconfigurations is NP-hard even on grids, motivating a study of fixed-parameter tractability with parameters $k$ (tokens), $\ell$ (moves), $f$ (token-less vertices outside $S$ and $T$), and $\ell - |S\setminus T|$. For unlabelled tokens, the problem is in FPT when parameterized by $k$, $\ell$, or $\ell+f$, but becomes intractable when parameterized by the difference $\ell - |S \setminus T|$, whereas labelled variants tend to be hardness-dominated. These results delineate the parameterized boundaries for efficient atom-reconfiguration algorithms, with practical implications for low-move or low-difference regimes in quantum simulation workflows.

Abstract

Our work is motivated by the challenges presented in preparing arrays of atoms for use in quantum simulation. The recently-developed process of loading atoms into traps results in approximately half of the traps being filled. To consolidate the atoms so that they form a dense and regular arrangement, such as all locations in a grid, atoms are rearranged using moving optical tweezers. Time is of the essence, as the longer that the process takes and the more that atoms are moved, the higher the chance that atoms will be lost in the process. Viewed as a problem on graphs, we wish to solve the problem of reconfiguring one arrangement of tokens (representing atoms) to another using as few moves as possible. Because the problem is NP-complete on general graphs as well as on grids, we focus on the parameterized complexity for various parameters, considering both undirected and directed graphs, and tokens with and without labels. For unlabelled tokens, the problem is in FPT when parameterizing by the number of tokens, the number of moves, or the number of moves plus the number of vertices without tokens in either the source or target configuration, but intractable when parameterizing by the difference between the number of moves and the number of differences in the placement of tokens in the source and target configurations. When labels are added to tokens, however, most of the tractability results are replaced by hardness results.