Regularity results on the flow maps of periodic dispersive Burgers type equations and the Gravity-Capillary equations
Ayman Rimah Said
TL;DR
The paper develops a comprehensive paradifferential framework to analyze flow map regularity for two periodic dispersive problems: a Burgers-type equation with a nonlocal dispersive term $|D|^{\alpha-1}\partial_x u$ and the 1D periodic gravity-capillary water waves. It introduces a generalized complex gauge (paradifferential Cole–Hopf) and a Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) calculus for hyperbolic paradifferential flows to conjugate the equations to semi-linear forms with smoothing remainders, yielding Lipschitz flow maps on bounded energy sets and identifying derivative losses. For the gravity-capillary system, a para-change renormalization $\chi$ combined with the same gauge/BCH machinery provides a Lipschitz flow in $H^s$ to $H^{s-\frac12}$, $s>3+\frac12$, thereby establishing optimality on the torus for the water waves system with surface tension. The work leverages paraproducts, paracomposition, paradifferential calculus, and Beals-type symbol estimates to control conjugations and commutators, offering precise regularity thresholds and a robust toolkit for quasi-linear dispersive PDEs in periodic settings.
Abstract
In the first part of this paper we prove that the flow associated to a dispersive Burgers equation with a non local term of the form $|D|^{α-1} \partial_x u$, $α\in [1,+\infty[$ is Lipschitz from bounded sets of $H^s_0(\mathbb{T};\mathbb{R})$ to $C^0([0,T],H^{s-(2-α)^+}_0(\mathbb{T};\mathbb{R}))$ for $T>0$ and $s>\lceil \fracα{α-1}\rceil-\frac{1}{2}$, where $H^s_0$ are the Sobolev spaces of functions with $0$ mean value, proving that the result obtained in [37] is optimal on the torus. The proof relies on a paradifferential generalization of a complex Cole-Hopf gauge transformation introduced by T.Tao in [43] for the Benjamin-Ono equation. For this we prove a generalization of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula for flows of hyperbolic paradifferential equations and prove the stability of the class of paradifferential operators modulo more regular remainders, under conjugation by such flows. For this we prove a new characterization of paradifferential operators in the spirit of Beals [9]. In the second part of this paper we use a paradifferential version of the previous method to prove that a re-normalization of the flow of the one dimensional periodic gravity capillary equation is Lipschitz from bounded sets of $H^s$ to $C^0([0,T],H^{s-\frac{1}{2}})$ for $T>0$ and $s>3+\frac{1}{2}$. This proves that the result obtained in [37] is optimal for the water waves system.