Constraints on a Massive Double-Copy and Applications to Massive Gravity

TL;DR

This work extends the BCJ double-copy to massive states by formulating a massive KLT framework where the kernel is the inverse of a matrix of massive bi-adjoint scalar amplitudes. It shows that, although color-kinematics dual numerators exist up to 5 points for uniform mass spectra, generic higher-point double-copies introduce spurious poles, making locality contingent on additional spectral constraints. Through a detailed massive Yang-Mills example, the authors demonstrate that the naive double-copy can fail to yield physical amplitudes at 5 points, and they identify a spectral-condition-based approach that can restore locality and ensure the massless limit is well-behaved. The results delineate the boundary of when a massive double-copy exists and commuting massless limits, and they propose explicit spectral conditions that, when satisfied, yield a local, physical double-copy and smooth decoupling to the massless theory.

Abstract

We propose and study a BCJ double-copy of massive particles, showing that it is equivalent to a KLT formula with a kernel given by the inverse of a matrix of massive bi-adjoint scalar amplitudes. For models with a uniform non-zero mass spectrum we demonstrate that the resulting double-copy factors on physical poles and that up to at least 5-particle scattering, color-kinematics satisfying numerators always exist. For the scattering of 5 or more particles, the procedure generically introduces spurious singularities that must be cancelled by imposing additional constraints. When massive particles are present, color-kinematics duality is not enough to guarantee a physical double-copy. As an example, we apply the formalism to massive Yang-Mills and show that up to 4-particle scattering the double-copy construction generates physical amplitudes of a model of dRGT massive gravity coupled to a dilaton and a two-form with dilaton parity violating couplings. We show that the spurious singularities in the 5-particle double-copy do not cancel in this example, and the construction fails to generate physically sensible amplitudes. We conjecture sufficient constraints on the mass spectrum, which in addition to massive BCJ relations, guarantee the absence of spurious singularities.

Figures (1)

• Figure 1: Color-dressed tree-level 5-point amplitude organized using graphs with only cubic vertices.