Energy Crowdsourcing and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grids

TL;DR

This work develops a two-phase CES-OPF framework to coordinate crowdsourced energy systems in distribution networks and enable P2P energy trading among Type 1 and Type 2 crowdsourcees and utilities. It combines a convexified branch-flow OPF with a dynamic incentive design to minimize generation costs and losses while absorbing forecast errors, and it implements this framework on a scalable blockchain platform (Hyperledger Fabric) to record energy trading transactions. The model accommodates dispatchable generators, solar, batteries, uncontrollable loads, and shapeable loads, with two energy trading types (Type A and Type B) that enable both utility-prosumer and prosumer-prosumer trades. Case studies on a 56-bus feeder and islanded microgrid demonstrate savings in losses and DLMPs, effective real-time incentives, and a practical, privacy-preserving trading interface via a blockchain GUI, highlighting the approach’s potential for secure, scalable P2P energy markets in smart grids.

Abstract

The power grid is rapidly transforming, and while recent grid innovations increased the utilization of advanced control methods, the next-generation grid demands technologies that enable the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs)---and consumers that both seamlessly buy and sell electricity. This paper develops an optimization model and blockchain-based architecture to manage the operation of crowdsourced energy systems (CES), with peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading transactions. An operational model of CESs in distribution networks is presented considering various types of energy trading transactions and crowdsourcees. Then, a two-phase operation algorithm is presented: Phase I focuses on the day-ahead scheduling of generation and controllable DERs, whereas Phase II is developed for hour-ahead or real-time operation of distribution networks. The developed approach supports seamless P2P energy trading between individual prosumers and/or the utility. The presented operational model can also be used to operate islanded microgrids. The CES framework and the operation algorithm are then prototyped through an efficient blockchain implementation, namely the IBM Hyperledger Fabric. This implementation allows the system operator to manage the network users to seamlessly trade energy. Case studies and prototype illustration are provided.

Figures (12)

• Figure 1: Blockchain-assisted architecture of operation in CESs.
• Figure 2: A radial network with different types of crowdsourcees: $\mathcal{CT}_{1}$ (blue) and $\mathcal{CT}_{2}$ (red).
• Figure 3: Types of crowdsourcees and energy trading transactions.
• Figure 4: Architecture of combining blockchain and smart contract with the optimization formulations presented in this paper.
• Figure 5: Scenarios of energy trading transactions.