On Separate Universes

TL;DR

This work rigorously establishes the separate universe picture in general relativity: an observer in a long-wavelength perturbation perceives a local FLRW-like patch with a modified scale factor a_F and curvature K_F, plus a Newtonian tidal field capturing anisotropies. By employing Conformal Fermi Coordinates, the authors prove the separate-universe behavior for a compensated tophat and general scalar perturbations, conditioning it on scales beyond fluid sound horizons and on full comoving fluids. They compute the locally measurable squeezed matter bispectrum, showing that nonlinear gravity alone does not generate observable local-type non-Gaussianity f_NL^{loc}, and that any apparent f_NL^{loc} arises from projection effects of photon propagation, not from dynamical gravity. The results imply that detecting f_NL^{loc} beyond projection effects would signal physics beyond standard single-clock inflation, while providing a practical framework for simulating local responses via modified a_F and K_F in separate-universe simulations.

Abstract

(abridged version) The separate universe conjecture states that in General Relativity a density perturbation behaves locally (i.e. on scales much smaller than the wavelength of the mode) as a separate universe with different background density and curvature. We prove this conjecture for a spherical compensated tophat density perturbation of arbitrary amplitude and radius in $Λ$CDM. We then use Conformal Fermi Coordinates to generalize this result to scalar perturbations of arbitrary configuration and scale. In this case, the separate universe conjecture holds for the isotropic part of the perturbations. The anisotropic part on the other hand is exactly captured by a tidal field in the Newtonian form. We show that the separate universe picture is restricted to scales larger than the sound horizons of all fluid components. We then derive an expression for the locally measured matter bispectrum induced by a long-wavelength mode of arbitrary wavelength. We show that nonlinear gravitational dynamics does not generate observable contributions that scale like local-type non-Gaussianity $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$, and hence does not contribute to a scale-dependent galaxy bias $Δb \propto k^{-2}$ on large scales; rather, the locally measurable long-short mode coupling assumes a form essentially identical to subhorizon perturbation theory results, once the long-mode density perturbation is replaced by the synchronous-comoving gauge density perturbation. Apparent $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$-type contributions arise through projection effects on photon propagation, which depend on the specific large-scale structure tracer and observable considered, and are in principle distinguishable from the local mode coupling induced by gravity. We conclude that any observation of $f_{\rm NL}^{\rm loc}$ beyond these projection effects signals a departure from standard single-clock inflation.

Figures (1)

• Figure 1: Illustration of the setup used to prove the separate universe approach.