Black Hole Information as Topological Qubits

TL;DR

The paper reframes black hole information as topological qubits arising from non-local, balanced holography between the interior $H$ and entangled environment $E$, with a holographic dictionary linking hidden microscopic data to bulk observables. It introduces Majorana-based topological qubits consisting of a logical (real) qubit and a fixed virtual qubit, and shows how entanglement swapping transfers information from the black hole to Hawking radiation while preserving horizon smoothness. Time evolution is shown to align with Page dynamics, and interior bulk observables can be reconstructed via quantum error correction with controllable accuracy. The approach resolves the firewall/AMPS paradox by separating the carrying of black hole information from the local near-horizon vacuum structure and demonstrates horizon smoothness across black hole ages.

Abstract

The principle of balanced holography, introduced in [1], posits that black hole information is stored in non-local correlations between the interior and exterior. Based on this concept, we propose that black hole information decomposes into elementary units in the form of topological qubits, and is protected from local sources of decoherence. The topological protection mechanism ensures that the horizon of an evaporating black hole stays young and smooth.

Figures (2)

• Figure 1: Black hole information as a topological qubit. The majorana pair $(h_1,h_2)$ lies in the black hole interior H, while the pair $(e_3,e_4)$ resides in the entangled environment E. The dotted line indicates the fermion number constraint (\ref{['ntops']}).
• Figure 2: After the entanglement swap the logical qubit (Bob's) and virtual qubit (Alice's) are disentangled. Bob's qubit is the Hawking radiation, that carries out the information. Alice qubit is in the ground state, and represents a virtual vacuum pair. It can decouple from the horizon.