Analytic treatment of the black-hole bomb

Abstract

A bosonic field impinging on a rotating black hole can be amplified as it scatters off the hole, a phenomena known as superradiant scattering. If in addition the field has a non-zero rest mass then the mass term effectively works as a mirror, reflecting the scattered wave back towards the black hole. In this physical system, known as a black-hole bomb, the wave may bounce back and forth between the black hole and some turning point amplifying itself each time. Consequently, the massive field grows exponentially over time and is unstable. Former analytical estimations of the timescale associated with the instability were restricted to the regimes $Mμ>>1$ and $Mμ<<1$, where $M$ and $μ$ are the masses of the black hole and the field, respectively. In these two limits the growth rate of the field was found to be extremely weak. However, subsequent numerical investigations have indicated that the instability is actually greatest in the regime $Mμ=O(1)$, where the previous analytical approximations break down. Thus, a new analytical study of the instability timescale for the case $Mμ=O(1)$ is physically well motivated. In this Letter we study analytically for the first time the phenomena of superradiant instability (the black-hole bomb mechanism) in this physically interesting regime -- the regime of greatest instability. We find an instability growth rate of $τ^{-1}=ω_I=1.7\times 10^{-3}M^{-1}$ for the fastest growing mode. This instability is four orders of magnitude stronger than has been previously estimated.

Figures (1)

• Figure 1: Superradiant instability for maximally rotating black holes $(a\simeq M)$. The results are for the $l=m=1$ mode, the mode with the greatest instability. The growth rate $M\omega_I$ is shown as a function of the dimensionless product $M\mu$. We display results for the direct solutions of both the exact resonance condition (\ref{['Eq19']}) and the polynomial approximation (\ref{['Eq20']}). The maximum growth rate is $\tau^{-1}\equiv\omega_I=1.7\times 10^{-3}M^{-1}$, where $\tau$ is the $e$-folding time.